Intellectual Theft Understanding Intellectual Property

Intellectual Theft Understanding Intellectual Property Historic Perspective Before understanding the impact that cyberspace and technology as a whole has made on the concept of intellectual property there must first be some understanding of the need for such laws. There must also be some understanding of how societies around the globe have come to fundamentally address, apply, and enforce the laws of intellectual property. What is now known as trademark and copyright laws make up the bulk of the intellectual property frame work in most legislative and judicial systems around the world today. The laws used in such cases are now common place, but the road to getting things where they are today was long and hard. The ideas of man have†¦show more content†¦The Statute of Anne was a monumental win for intellectual property laws. â€Å"This (The Statute of Anne) provided authors and proprietors of â€Å"copies† (or manuscripts) with the right to print and reprint copies of their works (Sherman Bently, 1999). The authors go on to add the fact that the rights of the author lasted an initial fourteen years with an additional fourteen years if the author is still alive at the end of the initial period, and twenty years for â€Å"old books† (Sherman Bently, 1999). The enactment of The Statute of Anne was unquestionably something that changed how courts and the world viewed intellectual property, and paved the way for what intellectual property laws are today. Early U.S. Legislation The intellectual property battle in the United States is first addressed in the supreme law of the land, the U.S. Constitution. The Constitution states that (the copyright clauses inclusion is) â€Å"To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries† (U.S. Const. art. I,  § 8, cl. 8). This once again points at the fact that while human beings may feel that they have ideas that can better society, they may be reluctant to do so if they are not rewarded for these ideas in some form or fashion. The aforementionedShow MoreRelatedStudents Face A Different Education System983 Words   |  4 Pagesplagiarism by understanding their outlook towards intellectual property, the implications of committing plagiarism and its consequences. To understand the idea that American institutes have about plagiarism, we need to first understand the American perspective about intellectual property. In America, every person’s intellectual work is their own property. When using an author’s idea or research findings from journals, books, articles, etc. their work has to be recognised since it is their property. So properRead MoreRheaTeam B wk3 paper with IRAC975 Words   |  4 Pages real, and intellectual property issues, and determining appropriate methods to address potential property issues. Different types of property have different laws that protect them as well as different methods of addressing issues. After reviewing the case concerning Kirtsaeng and John Wiley Sons, Inc., we determined that the textbooks are intellectual property protected under a copywrite. Differentiating Property Types Understanding ownership of property is first understanding what is meantRead MoreSOPA: A Righteous Cause or a Piracy Crusade? Essay1355 Words   |  6 PagesCreativity and Theft of Intellectual Property. Both these names are essentially very fancy names for an anti-theft law to protect the intellectual property of movie, music and other industries alike. From this, the logical questions one would come to is; what does this bill do? What is beneficial about it? What is harmful about it? How would it effect me and my daily life? And finally is it constitutional or not? All these questions are very important to the greater understanding of this topic, andRead MoreCyber Criminals Are Dangers?1175 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion, is cybercriminals are dangers to us? Some experts will say that it depends on the data that companies contain whether it attract the cybercriminal or not. Such as, â€Å"customer contact info, credit card data, health data, or valuable intellectual property.â⠂¬  (Armerding). On the other hand, some experts say it depends on the size of the company. Small to midsize organizations usually are attractive targets because they are frequently have less security and more vulnerability. When a cyber criminalRead MoreProtecting Yourself And Your Art : Social Media And The Fight For Ownership993 Words   |  4 Pagesartistic, or musical material, and to authorize others to do the same (Oxford English Dictionary). supports the creators â€Å"intellectual property† which is defined as a work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as a manuscript or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc. (OED) by ensuring that said property is legally protected and backed by a federal system so that the artist can fight for their work. The industry is currentlyRead MoreTechnology And The Internet And Personal Smartphone Devices1270 Words   |  6 Pagessystem or network. Some wil l find that simply placing a password on their site works and others may find encrypting their data is the best way to keep private information safe. Nevertheless, the loss of personal information to things like identity theft is at an all time high. This lack of cyber security means that there is an increasing number of ways to get personal information with the ever expanding use of technology and thusly a more dire need for awareness of the risks taken. Need for CyberRead MoreCultural Appropriation646 Words   |  3 Pagesother cultures; it is a necessary action for the survival of a society. Recently a wave of backlash has given this exchange a negative connotation by criticizing it as being a form of disrespect; where a culture will â€Å"steal† another culture’s intellectual property or tradition for their own personal gain. Should we rush to discredit a culture’s actions or accomplishments if they’re based on something outside of their own experience? It would have been impossible for many countries to make the culturalRead MoreEssay on Intellectual Property in the Age of the Internet1683 Words   |  7 PagesIntellectual Property in the Age of the Internet When Tim Berners-Lee created the Internet as a non-proprietor, not-for-profit information conduit, he could not have predicted how controversial digitized intellectual property would become. Prior to the Internet, intellectual property was a fairly straightforward issue. It was protected with copyright, trademark, and patent legislations, which granted exclusive rights to owners. Violations were not as abundant because distribution wasRead MorePatents : An Invention Of Man1231 Words   |  5 PagesPatents are ingenious - they allow for security in preventing theft of ideas through government licensing for the exclusive rights to manufacturing, utilization, and sales of inventions. However, lines are crossed when private companies are allowed to patent life forms, including genetic material. Patents are only designed to prevent intellectual property theft on inventions. Human genes are a product of nature and are not a result of an invention of man. Furthermore, allowing genet ic informationRead MoreCopyright And Licensing Of Art1660 Words   |  7 Pageswhat are the steps to follow to grant a license to a third party in order to make it liable to use my work of art, that in this case will be an image from one of my paintings. The existence of copyright is indispensable especially aiming on intellectual property rights in art, and whether it must be used not simply to protect the truth of the artist but moreover to encourage future creativeness in the art industry. The meaning of copyright is the sole rights to generate copies and to control literary

Rationale For Considering Values And Preferences - 1447 Words

How the guideline panels use the information: rationale for considering values and preferences Values and preferences impact the strength of recommendations, together with other factors. If the variability exists for patient values, the strength of recommendation is weak, indicating recommendations may not apply to specific patient subgroup. Guideline readers and clinical practitioners need to pay special attention to weak recommendations and accompanying values and preferences under these scenarios.2 The systematic review on utilities suggested major bleeding equivalent to nonfatal pulmonary embolism; while intracranial bleed overall was 2 to 3 times worse than major bleed or pulmonary embolism. This relative importance helps guideline panels to weigh the balance of benefits and risks and make the decision accordingly. 16 Considered as significant factors in producing recommendations, the extent to which the values and preferences vary and the extent to which the panellists are confident about the estimates and their variation can influence the strength of the recommendation. If the patient values and preferences are uncertain, or vary across different patient subgroups, the strength of recommendation should be weak. Was there any recommendations influenced by local values and preferences The local values and preferences contributed to the formulating of recommendations. Since â€Å"there is an important variability about how much people value its (sublingual immunotherapy)Show MoreRelatedPhysical Order Produces Healthy Choices, Generosity, And Conventionality, Whereas Disorder Produces Creativity Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesIn the first experiment, 34 Dutch students were tested as to whether being in an organized setting can influence preferences of food choices and donating money to a charity, in comparison to a messy environment. The second experiment measured the influence of the environmental order concerning creativity in 48 American students. In the third experiment, the authors measured the preference for a new or a classic option in 188 American adults. As regards the outcomes of the experiments, the participantsRead MoreTraditional Methods For Evaluating The Capital Investments Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesProvide a rationale for your suggested method ology. Net present value in conjunction with internal rate of return are the best methods for evaluating the capital investments of your selected company in the emerging markets to reduce risk. Net Present Value (NPV) is the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows. NPV is used in capital budgeting to analyse the profitability of a projected investment or project. A positive net present value indicatesRead MoreSony Analysis1952 Words   |  8 Pagesforeign currencies and that of the Japanese Yen. The results of the research show that because of its high pricing strategy, fewer consumers are willing to purchase a Sony TV. This concludes that price is certainly an influential factor before considering purchase though consumers appreciate the quality and brand name of Sony Literature review Sony as a global leader in electronics, faces stiff and intense competition from its numerous and diverse competitors such as Matsushita Electric IndustrialRead MoreLiterature Review And Hypothesis Development852 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment The topic of valuation of early-stage companies, patents, and technologies have been a topic of study since the late 1980’s. Since the work published by Amit et al (1990) a body of management science literature was published around the value relevance of non-financial information that quantifies the human capital of the founding team. Amit et al posit that In Initial Human and Financial Capital as Predictors of New Venture Performance, Cooper et al (1994), reviewed a sample of 2994Read MoreMarketing Strategy Implementation : Part I1982 Words   |  8 Pageswas done on a manual basis, but as the world has become modernized, organizations are utilizing electronic channels to pass their message to customers. It is because; electronic medium is reliable, effective, cheap and persuasive (Dave, 2012). Considering marketing than after listening to this word, the thing that comes instantaneously is distribution, advertisements, promotion and retailing because organizations cannot sell its products and services directly from manufacturing plant; they need intermediariesRead MoreMutual Fund Market Essay774 Words   |  4 PagesAAbstract Fund-flows suggest that recent years have seen a significant shift of capital towards passive investment strategies. There is evidence of investors’ preference for a relatively low fees passive strategies, usually in the form of index funds or exchange-traded funds (ETF). Undoubtedly, this is shaking the active management dominated mutual fund industry to its core. Is this the beginning of the end for actively managed mutual fund industry? Are we ready to sound the death knell for activeRead MoreExplain the Concept of Discounting and Its Importance in the Theory of Investment Expenditure.1692 Words   |  7 Pagesevery economic decisions. When considering whether or not to carry out a capital investment, it is rational for firms to estimate the expected rate of return on investment by comparing the costs of purchasing and maintaining the capital goods and the future expected profits. However, it is flawed to treat the value of a pound that is received in the future to be equ al to the value of a pound received today. One reason is that due to rising inflation, the true value of the currency will depreciateRead MoreWhy Leadership Matters : Observation Of Patient Experience / Care1591 Words   |  7 Pagesenhance empathy/raise awareness of the patient experience †¢ motivate change (DiGioia and Shapiro, 2013) Choosing a service area to be observed: rationale The author chose a children’s outpatients department in a neighbouring organisation. The rationale for this choice was that the authors clinical background is health visiting and therefore has prior knowledge of good practice in child and family settings, an understanding of child development stagesRead MoreThe Is Not A Silver Bullet1844 Words   |  8 PagesFrom politicians considering new infrastructure projects to young adults considering starting a family, the cost-benefit analysis has been touted as a cure for indecision. Based on seemingly firm economic and philosophical foundations, use of the method has become a ubiquitous part of modern society’s decisional endeavors. Whether it focuses directly on financial gain or on interpretations of nonmonetary changes in wellbeing, this type of analysis provides a framework that allows individuals to confidentlyRead MoreMountain Man Brewing Company Case Analysis1003 Words   |  5 Pagesconsumers purchased beer at off-p remise locations. Mountain Man has reached a mature phase over the past few years, but might be reaching a declining phase in the industry. 3. Trends Recent increase in demand for â€Å"light beer† due to taste preference. A higher percentage of females are consuming domestic light beer in comparison to domestic premium beer. The beer industry tends to be cyclical in the business cycle. Especially in recent years due to an increased awareness in personal responsibility

Theories of Social Science Lacan

Question: Discuss about theTheories of Social Sciencefor Lacan. Answer: Lacan(psychoanalysis) In view of Lacan and Miller (2013), lacanianism is a study and development of the theories as well as the ideas of nonconformist French psychoanalyst. Lacan developed the lacnianism into tnew psychioanalytic theory that is of humankind. However, Muller (2014) argued that the lacnianism presupposed the content of the classicall Freudianism. It can be as simple as the intellectual system. Te lacnianism has framed in three orders that are imaginary, symbolic and real. These three divisions emphases and corresponded to development of thought of Lacan. The centers of the psychoanalytic contribution of Lacan are the questions of image, unconscious fantasy and identification. The concept of Henri Wallon of infant mirroring developed on the idea of mirror stage for demonstrating imaginary nature of ego. This is opposite to the ego psychology. In fifties, the main focus of the interest of Lacan shifted to symbolic order of the kinship, social structure, roles and culture. The focus of the the rapy is the dealing with the disruption on part of imaginary. The symbolic order played the significant role in structuring the imaginary. In sixties, the attention of Lacan focuses on the real not on the external consensual realism. This concept is linked with the trauma and drive to the resists significantly. Lacan and Miller (2013) criticized the indicated Lacnian psychoanalysis. According to Muller (2014), the most sinister priest manipulators of the psychotic society are the pilloried analysts. The thinking of Lacan geared intimately not only to work of Freud but on the most prominent psychoanalytic successors. Bourdieu (Habitus and Field Capital) Field is one kind core concept that the French social scientist Pierre Bourdieu used. Field refers to the setting, in which the agents and the social positions are placed. Jones and Williams (2017) mentioned that the position of specific agent in field. This can be an interaction in between the particular rules of field, capital of agents and habitus of agents. The capital of agents includes the economic, cultural and social factors. Field can interact with each other. Most of the fields are subordinate to larger field of class and power relations. Besides confining the analysis of Bourdieu of social relations and the changes to the voluntaristic agency, Bordie chose to use the concept of field. The concept of field is bridged by the agency structure. In the work of Bourdieu, the field is the system of the social positions that is structured internally regarding power relationships. In view of Jones and Williams (2017), the field is social arena of the struggle over proper capital sp ecies. Fields are mainly organized vertically and horizontally. On the other hand, Collyer et al. (2015) opined that field of power is very peculiar. It exists horizontally via the field. The struggle can control exchange rate of forms of symbolic, physical and cultural capital in between fields themselves. The position of the social agents and field boundaries has a relational difference. The relational difference constitutes the field. Field has affects on the relational constitutes and all the relational difference may have interrelationship. References Collyer, F.M., Willis, K.F., Franklin, M., Harley, K. and Short, S.D., 2015. Healthcare choice: Bourdieus capital, habitus and field.Current Sociology,63(5), pp.685-699. Jones, I.R. and Williams, G., 2017. Editorial: Bourdieu, capitals and health.Sociology of Health Illness,39(1), pp.3-4. Lacan, J. and Miller, J.A., 2013.The ethics of psychoanalysis 1959-1960: The seminar of Jacques Lacan. Routledge. Muller, J.P., 2014.Beyond the psychoanalytic dyad: Developmental semiotics in Freud, Peirce and Lacan. Routledge.

Growing In Suburbs Of Australia Management-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Growing In Suburbs Of Australia Management? Answer: Introducation Growing in the suburbs of Australia, I have developed interests in specific aspects on issues that I had interaction with in the days surrounding. With my dad as a sportsman and my mother a tennis fan, I grew up loving tennis, a game that I played all through my early stages of school till now. However, going to the gym with my dad also made me love exercise as a normal daily activity in the gym. As I grow in my career of business management, I have loved how the business environment is struggling to cope up with technology to remain relevant in the different spheres in the competitive business market. As a result, I have come to love technology, an aspect that helps me keep up with all technological gadgets such as iPhones, laptops, and smart phones. In a self-reflection and a discussion with my family and friends, I came to realize that they both have a common point of argument. My dad saw me growing up with enthusiasm and helping me grow into the person I am today gives him confidence that I can be a great business entrepreneur, an idea that is supported by my mum and elder brother as well. On the other hand, friends find me always to have information on any technological advancement that has a direct and indirect effect on the business world. For instance, Mathews, one of my closest friends surprised me by telling me that any time he needs information concerning a new make of a laptop or a trending smartphone, he will ask me directly and believe whatever answer I would give him since he would confirm from other sources and find the same information. From their suggestions, they say that I can be a good entrepreneur if I combine my professional knowledge with the technological ideas and updates I do have. Through them, I came to prove that I am optimistic, focused on learning new ideas, and trying to evaluate how the ideas can be adopted in the business environment. However, I also found that I am prone to procrastinating ideological implementation, an aspect that I need to improve on as other competitors may use the same entrepreneurial ideas and take advantage of the market. Hence, I need to be quick in the implementation of ideas such as adopting technological systems such as cloud computing, cyber security, digital marketing, etc. in business. For a long time, I often asked myself what it takes to be a successful entrepreneur. In a systematic review, Hou and Lee (2016) denote that there is an often rare definition of the recommended characteristics an entrepreneur needs to possess. However, most of the recommended traits are often observed from other successful leaders and entrepreneurs like Bill Gates. As an entrepreneur, I have a passion that is driven by making money but finding solutions to different entrepreneurial challenges. I am fueled by an unshakable sense of purpose. I am also resilience towards achieving my set goals, an aspect that has seen me through one failure to another without losing my entrepreneurial enthusiasm. In their study, Shen and Chan (2017) denote that as an entrepreneur, there are cases when one will often fail but will not stay there; instead, he will focus on the goal despite the challenges encountered. I should be able to understand that an idea maybe brilliant but less effective, an aspect that will require a high level of flexibility in making the necessary adjustments that can make the idea feasible. I do have a very strong sense of self, an attribute that has enabled me to overcome numerous challenges and problems. Being resilient and passionate has enabled me to go so far due to my strong sense of self. For instance, being self-motivated and self-confident will help me to know a good idea and not think the idea can be good. However, I need to be flexible in adapting challenges and changes in the business environment to remain relevant in the competitive business spheres. Reflection of the Future According to Faught and Long (2017), the arrival of every year often provokes discussion concerning how the next 12 months are likely to unfold. Similarly, the pace of innovation is seen to accelerate at a faster rate than before. Therefore, there is a need for progressive entrepreneurs to look further ahead on how their businesses will adopt the changes in the innovation. Walz (2016) also points out that the period between 2014 and 2025 is poised in redefining virtually all the facets of the business environment as well as how we work or live. The same study denotes that these years will usher in various radical technologies, customer experiences, business models, as well as the new breed of entrepreneurship. In other words, it will lead to a digital native who act and think differently from every entrepreneurial generation before them. With the different aspects of digital innovation, improvement, and performance, Shen and Chan (2017) point out that the construction and manufacturing sectors will be the primary determinants that will primarily drive the global economies. For instance, in adopting new technological advancements in the above industries, new manufacturing hubs are emerging in both developed and developing countries (Hou Lee, 2016). As an entrepreneur, my focus will be adopting the technological innovations in the manufacturing industry to see an improvement in the construction growth. In adopting the technology, it will be much easy to ensure that business innovation in the manufacturing industry expands to offer employment and quality services for both the rural and urban population. My passion for entrepreneurship, management, and business innovation will hence be relevant to the development of the manufacturing industry in the future. In a systematic study, Faught and Long (2017) point out that with technological advancement, business is progressing from services to products and finally to experience. As a result, the next ten years is likely to be harder to make money in any transactional business, an aspect that requires entrepreneurs to find a way of breaking out of it according to Gottel (2016). However, the entrepreneurial mind suggests that future small and large scale businesses will be more of mutual benefit in finding the right way of innovation through every experimental manner possible. As a result, it is essential to learn from other successful entrepreneurs such as Bill Gates, Larry Ellison, Michael Bloomberg, and Mark Zuckerberg among others. They are a group of entrepreneurs who have proven that success is inevitable as long as one has a vision, passionate, flexible, resilience, and have a strong sense of self towards achieving whatever goal they desire to achieve just like them. It is my desire to have Bill Gates as my mentor, an aspect that will require me to foster him through the process since he has seen other successful entrepreneurs through the challenges of the business environment. References Faught, S., Long, J. (2017). Analyzing The Needs Of Rural Small Businesses And Developing Economic Sustainability Programs For Their Management Teams.International Journal Of The Academic Business World,11(1), 23-30. Gottel, V. (2016). Business Models: Origin, Development and Future Research Perspectives.Long Range Planning,49(1), 36-54. doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2015.04.001 Hou, W., Lee, E. (2016). Chinese style capitalism: current development and future implications.European Journal Of Finance,22(5/6), 255-258. doi:10.1080/1351847X.2016.1090051 Shen, B., Chan, H. (2017). Forecast Information Sharing for Managing Supply Chains in the Big Data Era: Recent Development and Future Research.Asia-Pacific Journal Of Operational Research,34(1), -1. doi:10.1142/S0217595917400012 Walz, K. A. (2016). Teaching-as-research internships: a model for the development of future chemistry faculty and the improvement of teaching in science, technology, engineering, and math.Community College Journal Of Research Practice,40(2), 133-145.

Ambitious Lady Macbeth free essay sample

1. It also mentions the beauty of the poisons and the death and how the narrator wants to see the woman painfully die in front of her husband. This links to Macbeth as they find the preparation of the persons death as well as the final act of killing them, a big thrill. The idea of pain and terror excites them and they feel that what they are doing is for the greater good of themselves so to say. In both texts, they are thinking of death as a way to seek revenge and achieve their own dreams, by getting rid of the people who have the power and/or opportunity to stop them. They think of death as a bit of game-easy to commit but they do not think of the consequences that will occur from their actions, they are driven by jealousy and greed. They are desperate for attention and simply want to grab what they believe to be theirs. We will write a custom essay sample on Ambitious Lady Macbeth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lady Macbeths mention of the supernatural shows how desperate she is for her desire as she craves to posses characteristics of a man, desire for power, but the lengths she is willing go to achieve it. 2. Starting, Robert Browning emits a paranoid persona in the lady using repetition. He uses they abundantly in the second stanza to show she is obsessed with what others [they] think of her. She cant think about anything else and is in rapt with other peoples perceptions of her life. She then says they laugh laugh at her, again suggesting a paranoid persona who will interpret anything around her as negative attitudes towards her. She believes she is being mocked by they and everyone else around her. She has no trust whatsoever and utter embarrassment is forced upon her and consequently she is forced to act 3. She has fulfilled her desire (Macbeth is king), but the fulfillment has brought no contentment. Shes figuratively spent herself, but achieved nothing for her efforts. Any joy she feels is contaminated. 4. When she says that Macbeth is too full o th milk of human kindness and that she must work on him to make him strong and ruthless enough to do what he needs to do to fulfill the prophecy and his ambition, she doesnt foresee that she will lose him in the process. As he grows accustomed to being the kind of person she wants at that moment to turn him into, he will grow apart from her and stop confiding in her. when he arranges alone to have Banquo killed 5. Once the adrenaline high of the moment has passed, the natural feminine gentleness that she regarded as weakness returns to make her afraid of the monster she has made of the man she loves. Just look at the sleepwalking scene! 6. She knows her fortunes are now linked with his, and that with his increasing power her own will rise proportionately, owing to her influence over him. 7. Lady Macbeth’s character contradicts with the roles of women in the Elizabethan Era as they were regarded as their husband’s possessions and weren’t entitled to an opinion. A stereotypical Elizabethan woman was expected to be innocent, gentle and dutiful as they were inferior to men 8. Irony within Lady Macbeth’s character as she says that she wants everything that helps her goals to be â€Å"crown’d withal†, however later in the play eventually she succumbs to guilt and takes her own life. 9. Manipulation is again shown through dialogue, as she wants to make sure that â€Å"that no compunctious visitings of nature/ shake my fell purpose nor keep peace between/ the effect and it† (1. 5. 48-50). In other words, she doesn’t want her natural, or feminine, character to get in the way of her goal, which is the murder of King Duncan. 10. USE OF IRONY 11. Its true that she is perfectly willing to goad her husband to commit murder; its true she dispassionately both sets up and stages the crime scene; and its true she is right behind Macbeth in these evil deeds, prodding him to action and telling him a little water will wash away their guilt. 12. Soon after, though, Macbeth must sense some softening in his wife, for he fails to confide his next murderous plans to her. He plans and executes the murder of Banquo and the assassination of MacDuff and his family without telling her. His resolve grows as hers, apparently wanes. 13. 14. she finally succumbs to her guilty conscience, unsuccessfully attempting wash her hands clean of Duncans blood. Introduction In this essay, I will be analysing and comparing three main protagonists in Macbeth by William Shakespeare and The Laboratory by Robert Browning, reflecting on the poetic and dramatic techniques used by both writers that effectively portray how these characters are disturbed, and how each action they do leads to the corruption of their mental state of mind. In Macbeth, both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth succumb to insanity as a result of their guilty conscience. In The Laboratory, the woman demonstrates signs of instability much like Lady Macbeth, as she becomes obsessed with poison, power and the possibilities of death that comes with it. Part 1 Macbeth is shown to be disturbed in act 2, scene 2. Macbeth’s conscience is contaminated, having just murdered King Duncan. Murdering a king in the 16th century opposed the ‘divine right of kings’. This was the belief that God gave direct power to Kings, and any opposition to the King was seen as defying God. It was therefore considered a sin, guaranteeing doom. To add, Macbeth was not granted the Divine Right of Kings. He steals power to become King, using actions of manipulation and murder. He was not granted the Divine Right of Kings, reinforcing the idea that he goes against God, and the natural order of the universe. It is shown that he can’t handle psychological consequences, as he believes he is hearing things, asking his wife if she heard a noise, she replying with less panic than him. Additionally, their plot is in danger as he has brought back the daggers with him evidence of their murder. The quick dialogue in line 15 and fragmented line structure give a sense of urgency in both characters. Act 5, scene 1 is a powerful part in the play which depicts Lady Macbeth’s disturbance. She sleepwalks through Macbeth’s castle, with the delusion that her hands are blood stained as a symbol of guilt and recalling the events of the murders she has committed. As she talks about them, her language is fragmented, a sign that she has been destroyed by her own power. Her being destroyed links to she seems weaker and feminine than before. She appears weak and fragile nearing the end of the play, due from being tormented by guilt, whereas in contrast to previously, she was the superior partner with the role of having strength and power, and controlling Macbeth. She went against all the stereotypes of an Elizabethan woman, which was to be submissive, weak and powerless. Likewise to The Laboratory, the narrator is also an ambitious woman, willing to resort to murder to accomplish her goals, and neither has any moral problems with it. This poem was written in the 18th century, during which men had dominance over women, linking to how both Lady Macbeth and the narrator of The Laboratory want dominance because both lived in a time when men ruled over women. Part 2 Shakespeare uses language techniques to show that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are disturbed. â€Å"Wherein you dress’d yourself? Hath it slept since? At what it did so freely? † Lady Macbeth uses rhetorical questions to attack Macbeth’s masculinity, without giving him the chance to reply to persuade and manipulate Macbeth. There is continuous use of animal imagery through the play. Lady Macbeth tells her husband to â€Å"Look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under’t†, snakes represent evil in the Bible, and she associates the snake with the evil she tells Macbeth to perform. Shakespeare uses symbolism of snakes to reveal the malevolence of characters. The imperative verb â€Å"shalt be† in the sentence â€Å"Glamis thou art, and Cawdor; and shalt be† shows her strong intentions. She also says â€Å"Come to my womens breasts and take my milk for gall†, the imperatives ‘come, take’ gives the impression of urgency and determination. This is similar to The Laboratory, in which Browning uses imperative violent verbs to describe how the narrator wishes for the poison to be â€Å"grind† and â€Å"mashed†, showing her enthusiasm as the poison progresses, excited by the thought of the death it may bring. It portrays her strong ambitions to kill her husbands mistresses, similarly as to how ambitious Lady Macbeth is to become Queen. In act 1 scene 5 during Lady Macbeths soliloquy, she says, â€Å"Stop up the access and passage to remorse. † The use of sibilance here sounds similar to a snakes hissing, emphasising the words making them more sinister. Shakespeare is again making the link to the symbolism of snakes to support the imagery of evil. Part 3 Shakespeare uses form to show how disturbed Lady Macbeth is, by using soliloquies that allow the audience to hear her innermost thoughts, which are filled with imagery of death and destruction. After reading Macbeth’s letter in act 1 scene 5, she expresses fears that Macbeth is too â€Å"kind† to take the necessary steps towards becoming King. This is shown in the quote, â€Å"I fear thy nature; it is too full o’th’ milk of human kindness, to catch the nearest way†. She believes that her husband’s character is not ruthless enough to fulfil his ambitions, that his character contains too much gentleness, which may become an obstacle to attain the quickest way of gaining power. Therefore her solution is to â€Å"pour my spirits in thine ear† and â€Å"chastise with the valour of my tongue†. She wishes to empower Macbeth with evil words, demonstrating that her personality already contains the strength of criminality, as well as showing the dominance she has over him. In the Elizabethan times, women were seen as incapable of taking the initiative and being subservient to men. However Macbeth is easily manipulated by his wife. Witchcraft accusations were very common in the past, believing that witches could influence the mind and body, which may ultimately lead audiences at the time to question if the actress playing Lady Macbeth was a witch, as it supports these beliefs. Lady Macbeth calls upon evil spirits and asks them to fill her from head to toe with cruelty. She says, â€Å"take my milk for gall†, asking to exchange her maternal, motherly instincts to bitterness, signifying the transition of her femininity to masculinity, her feminine character to become a cruel one. She asks to â€Å"Make thick my blood / stop the passage to remorse†, as she does not want to feel natural feelings of pity or guilt which run along her veins and stop her from her actions, going against all ordinary emotions. Her thoughts are shown to be grotesque and frightening, with unnatural imagery. Browning presents the disturbance of the narrator in ‘The Laboratory’ by using enjambments rather than soliloquies as it is a poem. Enjambments are used to show her unsteady dialogue and state of mind. â€Å".. and Elise, with her head / And her breast and her arms and her hands, / should drop dead! † creates an uneven pace, linking to her mental disposition. The repetition of the word ‘and’ makes you pause when reading the sentence, creating a sense of the narrator’s thoughts that are disjointed. Browning has created a contrast between this and the sinister language within the poem, with the calm, controlled structure of the poem. It has 12 stanzas and a regular ABAB rhyme scheme, so even if the narrator is talking about something evil, the lines continue to flow rhythmically along, making the poem more ominous. (FORESHADOWING) Part 4 Blood symbolizes the guilt that sits like a permanent stain on the consciences of both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Part 5 the characteristics of Macbeth change from a battle-hardened, honourable and combat-decorated warrior to an emotionally unstable, cowardly individual who is susceptible to other peoples coercive measures, namely his wife; Lady Macbeth Setting up Lady Macbeth and Macbeth as strong and weak at the beginning of the play makes for comparisons later on in the play when Lady Macbeth becomes the weak and suicidal one, whereas Macbeth begins taking the initiative, planning Banquo’s murder without confiding in his wife. Earlier in the play, she had a stronger sense of purpose and was the force behind each of their murderous plots. She had told Macbeth that â€Å"A little water clears us of this deed† when his hands were covered in blood, whereas she now sees too much blood. She has descended into madness. This is also reflected from the fact that she is not speaking in verse. In act 5, scene 1, her speech has become broken. (examples and the language technique). The domineering wife has been reduced to someone whose speech makes little sense. There are no logical connections between her memories or sentences. Conclusion â€Å"which character you believe to be the most disturbed and why† When Macbeth was crowned King, he questioned why such happy news caused his â€Å"heart knock at my ribs / Against the use of nature†. This may be an indirect sign that Macbeth knows he will have to murder in order to fulfil the second prophecy. He shows hesitance and has a tendency to waver with the thought of murdering, whereas in contrast with Lady Macbeth, she is solid and final on the deed, showing that her intentions are dark and sinister. A soliloquy creates a better audience-character bond and increases the emotional attachment felt by the audience for the character. The language of Lady Macbeth suggests an overwhelming sense of fierce determination for her husband to possess the ruthlessness of her character. However, the evil persona she adopts fails to shadow the insecurities of her conscience, conflicting with her strong will to murder the king.

Top 25 Book Report Ideas Ways to Create a Breathtaking Book Report

Top 25 Book Report Ideas Ways to Create a Breathtaking Book Report If you have the freedom of selecting a topic for your book report, check out our list of top 25 book report ideas and topics for a winning paper. Book report writing is a rather simple task, which doesn’t require considerable effort. However, if you are new to book report writing and have received your first writing assignment, we have something that might help you. While working on your report, please feel free to read the article on how to work on the book report. Top 25 Book Report Ideas Searching for book report template? Here is a great one below. BOOK REPORT TEMPLATE Here is a list of books that are believed to be very useful for all high school students (based on materials  of  NY Times and Lexington Public Library). Want to know more about book report format? Read the article below! BOOK REPORT FORMAT If you have the freedom of selecting your own book report topic and a  way to write it in, and you feel that you will need help with your project, we will be happy to assist. Just contact out customer support staff and they will help you through the ordering process. Place your order  right now!

Global Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Perspective - Essay Example The military power which both the US and the USSR accumulated, most especially weapons of mass destruction, quite effectively dictated the impossibility of their engaging in direct armed conflict. Such a conflict would have led to the deaths of millions upon millions of people, not to mention the probable obliteration of entire cities. At the same time, however, these two nations were adversaries and, because of their ideological differences, disagreements between them were as intense as that between warring nations. The US and the USSR were caught in a war with one another but had to avoid the possibility of this war turning hot.' Accordingly, their conflict assumed the form of a race for industrial development, a contest over the acquisition of satellite states, an arms race and even a space war. They may have avoided direct military confrontation but they quite often engaged in indirect warfare through proxy states, as in the Vietnam War or the first Afghanistan War, to name but two examples. Indeed, they divided the world between them. As may have been inferred from the foregoing argument, the United States and the Soviet Union were in a war with one another and the conflict between them was as contentious and as dangerous as any which had ever unfolded between two nations.

Final refluction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Final refluction - Assignment Example Secondly, it is vital to have a deeper understanding and connection between customers, suppliers, and distributors. Moreover, to gain customer confidence and loyalty, marketers should be strategic in that they produce customized goods for their clients and providing specialized services. Thirdly, to have an effective distribution channel means goods get to the customer at the right place and time. Marketers need to have strategic procedures that help select the right intermediaries (Dent, 2011). I liked the course as a whole; the lecturer had sufficient knowledge about the course and was well equipped with the right materials for the course. I also liked the style of teaching where all students were involved and participated. I would like to do more presentations as this helps me gain more confidence. In addition, I would also like the lecturer to organize a trip to one of the organizations that best practice what we learn in class. Finally, I would like to see the behavior of some students changed. Submitting late assignments should be discouraged. Nevertheless, the semester was great and I look forward to having another course with the same

The Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy Essay

The Hitchhiker's Guide To The Galaxy - Essay Example Arthur dent, the main character of this book has one lucky instance happening to him on a bad day. As he wakes up in the morning with a drunken hangover, Arthur finds a bulldozer outside preparing to demolish his house for making a new by-pass. While he thinks this day to be his worst, his alien friend Ford Prefect comes with the news that earth is being demolished by a Vogon construction fleet that is orbiting the earth to construct a new galactic bypass in the space. Arthur is lucky, as he along with Ford hitchhikes a lift aboard a Vogon spaceship. However, the good luck ends there as they find themselves in torturous condition, while they are finally thrown out into the open space debris. They are not perishing, as a spaceship piloted by the galaxy president Zaphod Beeblebrox along with his co-pilot Trillion spots them and picks them up into their ship. All the four along with a mentally unstable robot Marvin are now on a long search to find the lost planet, Magrathea. The meaningful chapter of the book stats next, when Arthur comes to know, in Magrathea, that the planet Earth had a purpose, to solve the riddle of life and universe. Accordingly, Earth served as a gigantic super computer, meant to find answers to these questions. As per the set calculations, the life of Earth was ten million years. However, the vogon construction fleet destroyed it 5 minutes before this. Since Arthur has survived as the only earthling, he gets a proposal to being a part of project to be named as â€Å"Earth Mark-II†. Arthur is not keen to join this research, as it requires the extraction of his brain. The question remains, as the novel has posed, about the existence of life and universe. Looking at the different adaptations of Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, the question does not get the serious attention that it deserves. Instead, the audience seems to laugh it away, taking the sudden destruction of Earth as a dream only. However, Author’s

Importance of Maximising Shareholder Value

Importance of Maximising Shareholder Value Introduction Firms may have different objectives to achieve. However in theory, a firm should set its objectives to increase its value for its owners. Shareholders are the owners of a firm. Therefore according to theory maximising shareholders wealth is the fundamental objective of a firm. (Watson Head -Corporate Finance principles and practice 2007) Investors generally expect to earn satisfactory returns on their investments as they require increasing the value of their investments as much as possible. This is usually determined by dividend payout and or capital gains by increasing the market value of the share price. The managers of the company act on behalf of the investors, such as operating day to day activities and making decisions within the business. In another way they do have the control of the business entity. However, firms may have other objectives to achieve such as maximising of profits, growth and increasing its markets share. When achieving these objectives of a firm, conflicts may arise as a result of ownership and control. Managers may make their decisions on their own interests rather than achieving investors wealth. Discussing the investor related goals as described earlier, in theory behaviour of management should be consistent towards maximising shareholders wealth, enhancing the value of the business (Basely Brigham- Essentials of Managerial Finance).Value of the business is measured by valuing firms price of shares. Its essential to consider maximising of stock prices, and its impact to the investors and the economy as a whole simultaneously. Maximising profits is also an objective of a firm. It is determined by maximising the firms net profits. It is also can be described as a short term objective whilst maximising the value of the company is a long term objective for a firm (Financial Management -Kaplan Publishers 2009). Therefore it is not necessary, maximising profits as maximising shareholders wealth because there are number of potential problems can be occurred adapting to an objective of profit maximisation. It will be discussed in the latter part of the report. Earnings per share (EPS) is one of the main indicators of the firms profitability and it is a broadly used method measuring firms success, as it is determined return to equity in theory (Financial Management Kaplan Publishers 2009).However, EPS doesnt expose the firms wealth since it is determined by using firms net profits. Therefore EPS is also exist the same criticism as profit maximisation above which will be discussing in the later part of the report. During the past ten years have seen a much greater emphasis on investor related goals. The conflict of ownership and control can be recognised as one of the significant causes which were affected investors and the world economy in the past ten years. The corporate scandals such as Enron, Maxwell and World com which occurred recent past had been lost investors confidence towards capital markets. Therefore its essential to consider the ethical behaviour and social responsibilities towards shareholder wealth maximisation simultaneously. It can also be said the institutional investors such as insurance companies and pension funds had also made a significant influence on investor related goals in the recent past. Review of Literature OBJECTIVES OF PROFIT MAXIMISATION According to Watson and Head 2007, whilst individuals manage their own cash flows, the financial manager involves in managing cash flows on behalf of the company, and its owners. In a firm financial management is concerned with taking decisions in three key areas which are financing, investing and dividend policy. Watson and Head also mentioned, shareholders wealth maximisation as the primary objective of the firm and at the same time the existence of other stakeholder groups such as creditors, employees, customers and community are also affected when adapting to a corporate goal. However the firm may adopt one or several objectives in short term whilst its pursued the objective of shareholders wealth maximisation in long term(Basely and Brigham; Essentials of Managerial Finance). Therefore it is essential to be considered the other possible objectives in short term as well as long term simultaneously. Reviewing one of the main objectives of profit maximisation, a classic article of Milton Friedman in the New York Times magazine 1970The social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its profits (Poitras, Geoffrey 1994). Considering classical views of Friedman (1970), Grant (1991), and Danley(1991), Geoffrey analysed the connection between shareholders wealth maximisation and profit maximisation, as an foundation for establishing an ethical analysis for shareholders wealth maximisation. However, Friedman had a moderate view later relating to the concept of profit maximisation towards social responsibilities. (Pradip N Khandwalla, Management paradigms beyond profit maximisation 2004) While there were similarities between these two objectives, Solomon; 1963, chp.2 highlighted the inconsistencies in his classic article (Poitras, Geoffrey 1994). Considering the above views from different authors, Geoffreys suggestion was Even though there are significant consistencies between these two goals, the goal of profit maximisation has designed for the traditional microeconomic environment and for the firms which do not have the conflict of ownership and control. It is also assumed that its applied for the environment where there was no uncertainty and no stock issues( Poitras, Geoffrey, 1994). According to Keown, Martin and Petty, 2008; Lasher 2008; Ross Westerfield, and Jordan; 2008, Managers are encouraged to maximise its current stock prices by the shareholder theory, therefore the criticisms are understandable. This approach determines the existence of agency problem towards incentive schemes, as incentives are rewarded with the continuous growth of share price and leads to an unethical behaviour of managers, towards manipulating the firms current stock prices (Daniel, Heck Shaffer). CONFLICT OF OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL The conflict of ownership and control was first identified by Adam Smith (RBS Review 1937) and he suggested that the Director cannot protect the other peoples money with the same way that he protects his money (Tony Howell; Shareholder ship model versus Stakeholder ship model). Its also mentioned in Tony and Howells article, that the separation of ownership and control make a significant influence for corporate behaviour and its deeply discussed by Berle and Means (1932). But La Porta et al. (1999) argued against Berle and Means, and he suggested its different from the large corporations, because the shareholders of large corporations involved in corporate governance actively where managers are unaccountable (Tony and Howell; shareholder ship model versus Stakeholder ship model). Winch (1971) suggested the goal of profit maximisation is consistent with the ethical theory of utilitarianism whilst allocating resources under different circumstances. (Poitras, Geoffrey 1994). Having considered Winchs suggestion related to the utilitarian theory and profit maximisation, Geoffreys (1994) view was that, inter temporal behaviour is important for firms and efficient investment has a significant affect towards maximising of profits as a result of uncertain future cash flows. It is also discussed the potential conflict of ownership and control. Therefore Geoffrey (1994) suggested the separation of ownership, the decision makers (managers) and owners (shareholders) are involved to the corporate structure. SHAREHOLDERS Vs STAKEHOLDERS Even though most of the economists and authors acknowledge the theory of shareholder wealth maximisation (Berle and Means, 1932; Friedman, 1962), other authors argued the criticisms of shareholder wealth maximisation. They argued that Shareholder Theory encourages the managers to make short term decisions and behave unethically as a result of the influence of the other stakeholders. According to Smith (2003) believed Shareholder theory is prepared to maximise short term objectives at the expense of long term goals (Daniel, Heck Shaffer; Journal of Applied Finance; winter 2008). However Daniel, Heck and Shaffer analysed the reasons for the criticism and the misguidance of the shareholders theory in their article about shareholder theory, How Opponents and Proponents Both Get it Wrong? The misguidance has been occurred as a result of pursuing a long term objective in shareholder theory. Managers should maximise the future cash flows and its important to consider the stakeholders accor dingly (Jensen, 2002; Sundaram and Inkpen, 2004a). According to Freeman (1984) a firm should consider both shareholders and stakeholders when making their business decisions. However Daniel, Heck and Shaffer describes that the stakeholder theory determines the same criticism as short term behaviour but the shareholder theory has got the protection for both shareholders and stakeholders in the long run. Therefore stakeholder theory is not predominant to shareholder theory. Daniel, Heck and Shaffer suggested the expected future cash flows to analyse the above scenario and they argued that its essential to undertake all the positive NPV projects to maximise shareholders wealth analysing towards maximising current stock price. If there was a goal of increasing of current share price, managers who are rewarded by incentives may attempt to boost the stock price of the firm. However Jenson (2005) and Danielson and press (2006) argued the effort to increase or maintain the stock prices by m anagement could be destroyed the long term values of the firm by manipulation, unethical behaviour, delaying NPV positive projects, reducing or not spending on research and development. Jenson has taken Enron as an example for explaining the above scenario. The management of Enron had hidden their debts through off balance sheet activities and by manipulating the company accounts (Daniel, Heck and Shaffer). Therefore Daniel, Heck and Shaffer suggested that its essential to design strategies which are consistent with the objective of increasing future cash flows rather than adopting an objective of increasing of current stock price to maximise the wealth of shareholders. Freeman, Wicks and Parmar (2004) argued that all the recent business scandals are oriented toward ever increasing shareholder value at the expense of other stakeholders (Poitras, Jefforey; 1994) After a number of high profile firms collapsed i:e: Enron, WorldCom and Arthur Anderson in US and Maxwell, Polly Peck, BCCI, Barings bank in UK, its been determined the requirement of a good Corporate Governance (Tony Howell; the shareholder ship model versus stakeholder ship model). According to Tony Howell, Corporate Governance has been growing for the past 25 years and the foundation for Corporate Governance was placed, after the introduction of Cadbury report in 1992 (UK). Omran et. al.2002; Mills, 1998; Fera, 1997 suggested the importance of Corporate Governance as a result of the new entrance of Institutional Investors to Capital markets, Globalisation of Capital markets, increase of Stakeholder and Shareholder expectations(Tony and Howell). Analysis According to financial management theory, its assumed that the fundamental objective for a firm is to maximise shareholders wealth (Watson Head 2007). Analysing the suggestions and arguments towards fundamental objective, it can be seen that not only in theory but also in the real world it is essential to maximise the wealth of shareholder. Analysing the objective of profit maximisation, overriding the classical economics views by Hayek (1960) and Friedman (1970), other authors, Solomon (1963) and Geoffrey (1970) argued about the criticisms associated with the objective of maximisation of profits. The conflict of short term goal of profit maximisation and long term objective of shareholder wealth maximisation can be identified as the main conflict. If a firm adapts to an objective of profit maximisation and the managers are rewarded incentives for achieving it, the agency problem could be arise. Therefore in such a situation managers may take decisions towards their own selfish interests, rather than on shareholders. Achieving their self interest managers may reduce costs by cutting research and development costs, reducing quality control measurements, reduce advertising, using lower quality materials. At the same time the NPV positive projects could also be postponed to reduce their costs to determine more profits in s hort term. Producing low quality products, losing market share, losing customer trust on their products and finally reducing financial performance could be resulted as a result of using low cost strategies. It may lead the business towards insecure stock prices in long run. The other criticism is profit maximisation does not appraise the associated risks. Therefore managers may undertake higher NPV projects to determine higher returns. However higher the required returns, higher the risk (Peter Atrill; Financial Management for Decision Makers, 2008). Investing on risky projects will result future cash flow problems. However, shareholders are assumed as rational investors who provide finance for firms to invest in future projects. As rational investors they require a reasonable return for their investments. Therefore it can be suggested that objective of profit maximising is different from the wealth maximising. Even though shareholder wealth maximisation is the fundamental, firms are not being able to reject the profit perspective goals, because there are stakeholder groups who is interesting about financial activities in a firm. In addition to shareholders, Managers, Employees, Customers, Suppliers, finance providers and the community at large are included in the typical stakeholder group. Therefore its essential to take account of profit maximisation within the firm. As a result of these multiple objectives managers can easily pursue their own interest. In real world, financial statements are used to assess firms performance. However, profits are defined as profit before interest and tax, profit after interest and so on. Therefore the ratio of Earnings per Share is often used instead of profit which is calculated using the net profits and the number of shares issued. Investors usually use EPS as a measurement of valuing stock. EPS is mostly used as it contains of net income of the firm, and it is also used as an indicator measuring firms future cash flows. Although the disadvantage is EPS does not determine shareholders wealth. However, firms value should be determined by the future cash flows and the risk also need to be considered which is associated to the cash flow. However as mentioned earlier, profits does not take account of risks. I:e:Reported profit figures such as Biotechnological companies and other new economy ventures have insignificant relationship on its stock prices (Financial Management -Kaplan Publishers, 2009). Th erefore, in the short term theres an inconsistence between profit maximisation and increase in stock prices in a firm. According to Smith (1937), Berle and Means (1932) and Geoffrey (1994) the separation of ownership is involved the corporate structure. The conflict was mostly seen during the recent past, following the corporate scandals. According to Maria and William in the article of Privatisation and the Rise of Global Capital Markets (Financial Management; winter, 2000) The past years there was significant growth in capital markets valuation, growth in security issuance as a result of the privatisation programmes. The impacts of share issue privatisation are increasing market liquidity, pattern of share ownership (i:e: Individual and institutional investors such as Pension funds and Insurance Companies), and increasing of number of shareholders in many countries. However, globalisation was also affected on firms activities simultaneously. Therefore the firms (i:e: Enron Maxwell), which had poor Corporate Governance had the possibility to involving in unethical activities such as creative accounting and off balance sheet finance(Financial Management, Kaplan Publishers; 2009). At the same time Directors involved in high level of corporate takeover activities, achieving their personal interest such as empire buildi ng, large remuneration packages (Financial Management, Kaplan publishers; 2009). Further analysis of Stakeholder theory and Shareholder theory by different authors, Jenson 2005) and Daniel and Press (2006) argued the criticism of stakeholder theory, whilst Daniel, Heck and Shaffer (2008) and Freeman (1984) argued the importance of both shareholder and stakeholder theory. However, it can be suggested that the stakeholders play a significant role towards increasing shareholders value. As an example to motivate employees of the firm, they should be treated in a good manner by rewarding increments, bonuses and so on. Long term employee satisfaction could drive the firm towards higher performance and the development of the business by increasing higher productivity and better quality of products. Simultaneously, building up a trust among customers and acquire and maintain the industry leadership. At the same time shareholders provide finance for firms for its working capital management and noncurrent assets for its future projects. Therefore it can be seen an inter relationship and importance of shareholders and the other stakeholders. According to Peter Atrill, (Financial Management for Decision makers , 2008)In the early years financial management theory was mainly developed as part of accounting and the suggestions and arguments were based on casual observations rather than theoretical frame work. But after the number of high profile firms collapsed, the requirement of corporate governance occurred. Number of committees met and discussed to improve the Corporate Governance and the main concern was the conflict between shareholders interest and managers. Enron was the seventh largest listed company in US when its collapsed in 2001 as a result of manipulation of financial statements. Its affected to shareholders, more than 20000 employees worldwide, creditors and customers (Janis Sarra; St Johns Law Review ; Enrons Repercussion in Canada). The 11 titled Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002 CONLUSION By analysing the review of literature, it can be suggested that its essential to maximise shareholder value rather than maximising profits alone. However maximising profit is also can be defined as a performance measurement of a healthy business. Extremes of profit maximisation can also be caused unethical behaviour of management towards its shareholders and stakeholders. Although, Earnings per Share inconsistent with the long term value of shareholder, its still can be used as a performance measurement, since its got firms net profit. As a result of recent corporate scandals such as Enron, WorldCom and Arthur Anderson, shareholders and other stakeholder groups had given much emphasis on corporate behaviour. The unethical and illegal behaviour of those high profiled firms were lost investor confidence of capital markets. They identified the importance of Corporate Governance which provides the road map for managers to follow, pursuing different objectives towards the firm (Basley Brigham). At the same time the arrival of Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002 provided investors a much more confidence and strength towards capital markets. However, stakeholders are also important for firms. They are also treated well for the to maintain a Even there are conflicts between stakeholder theory and Shareholder theory, its necessary to balance these two theories. According to Cathy Haywards article (Black hole sums; Financial Management May 2003), during the period of May 2003 the pension funds in US and UK were in a bad condition. According to the assessment of National Association of Pension Funds, there was a drop in UK pension funds by more than 250 million in 2002. Its being told that there were many reasons for the crisis but, the huge drop in stock market during the economic down turn 2000-2003 has mainly been affected. The pensions funds are heavily depend on the dividend payments and the stability of the equity markets, as a result of the drop in share prices the pensions funds struggled to meet their obligations. References Besley Brigham Essentials of Managerial Finance Daniel, Heck Shaffer Journal of Applied Finance; Fall Winter 2008 Shareholder theory, How Opponents and Proponents Both Get it Wrong? Denzil Watson Antony Head Corporate Finance (electronic resource): principles and practice 2007 Management paradigms beyond profit maximisation Colloquium a debate by S K Chakraboty, Verghese Kurien, Jittu Singh, Mrityunjay Athreya, Arun Maira, Anu Aga, and Anil K Gupta. Maria K. Boutchkova William L. Megginson Privatisation and Rise of Global Capital Markets , Financial Management; Winter, 2000, p31-76 Peter Atrill Financial Management for Decision Makers 5th Edition 2008 (electronic resource) Poitras, Geoffrey Share Holder wealth Maximisation, Business ethics and social responsibility, Journal of Business Ethics; feb 1994;13,2;ABI/INFORM Global pg125 Rebecca Stratling The Legitamacy of Corporate Social Responsibility ; Corporate Ownership and Control; Volume 4; Issue 4, Summer 2007 Tony Ike Nwanji, Kerry E. Howell; A review of the two main competing models of Corporate Governance: The Shareholder ship model versus the Stakeholder ship model; Corporate Ownership and Control, Volume 5, Issue 1, Fall 2007

Politics of Montserrat :: Essays on Politics

Politics of Montserrat The political history of the island of Montserrat has been characterized by instability for much of the time between its discovery and the present-day. First claimed by Spain, and then by Great Britain, Montserrat was a Crown Colony before transitioning to its current status as a United Kingdom Overseas Territory (UKOT). With a wide range of concerns regarding the issue of independence, the inhabitants of Montserrat remain unsure of their ability to maintain their own economic development and survive without financial assistance from the United Kingdom. The first Europeans to spot Montserrat did so on 10 November 1493, as Columbus’ ship sailed from Guadeloupe towards Hispaniola. Though he named the island, Columbus and the Spanish took little interest in Montserrat, and nothing more was written about the island by a European until July 1631. At that time, Amerindians were using the island, though perhaps not living there, and no Europeans had settled Montserrat. However, only two-and-a-half years later, in January 1634, another written account describes Montserrat as having been settled by Irish Catholics. The British, Dutch, and French had begun to claim some of the smaller islands in the Caribbean despite Spanish protests, claiming that the Spanish had no investments in the smaller islands of the Lesser Antilles, and that they belonged to whomever could â€Å"effectively occupy† them. This policy of Effective Occupation legitimized the settlement of Montserrat, and other islands, by the British. The first settlers of Montserrat were most likely Irish Catholics from St. Kitts (which was also claimed by Britain) who arrived there in 1632. By the 1650s, English and Anglo-Irish landowners formed the wealthy ruling class, and Irish indentured servants formed the bulk of the population. This hierarchy was similar to that which existed in Ireland at the time. The English government ruled Ireland, and only a few elite Anglo-Irish could participate in politics and government. Similarly, only the wealthiest English and Anglo-Irish landowners on Montserrat had any control in the governance of the island, and the Crown maintained ultimate control. Many of the first Irish Catholic settlers came from Virginia, New England, and the British Isles. Politics of Montserrat :: Essays on Politics Politics of Montserrat The political history of the island of Montserrat has been characterized by instability for much of the time between its discovery and the present-day. First claimed by Spain, and then by Great Britain, Montserrat was a Crown Colony before transitioning to its current status as a United Kingdom Overseas Territory (UKOT). With a wide range of concerns regarding the issue of independence, the inhabitants of Montserrat remain unsure of their ability to maintain their own economic development and survive without financial assistance from the United Kingdom. The first Europeans to spot Montserrat did so on 10 November 1493, as Columbus’ ship sailed from Guadeloupe towards Hispaniola. Though he named the island, Columbus and the Spanish took little interest in Montserrat, and nothing more was written about the island by a European until July 1631. At that time, Amerindians were using the island, though perhaps not living there, and no Europeans had settled Montserrat. However, only two-and-a-half years later, in January 1634, another written account describes Montserrat as having been settled by Irish Catholics. The British, Dutch, and French had begun to claim some of the smaller islands in the Caribbean despite Spanish protests, claiming that the Spanish had no investments in the smaller islands of the Lesser Antilles, and that they belonged to whomever could â€Å"effectively occupy† them. This policy of Effective Occupation legitimized the settlement of Montserrat, and other islands, by the British. The first settlers of Montserrat were most likely Irish Catholics from St. Kitts (which was also claimed by Britain) who arrived there in 1632. By the 1650s, English and Anglo-Irish landowners formed the wealthy ruling class, and Irish indentured servants formed the bulk of the population. This hierarchy was similar to that which existed in Ireland at the time. The English government ruled Ireland, and only a few elite Anglo-Irish could participate in politics and government. Similarly, only the wealthiest English and Anglo-Irish landowners on Montserrat had any control in the governance of the island, and the Crown maintained ultimate control. Many of the first Irish Catholic settlers came from Virginia, New England, and the British Isles.

Eyewitness: Life Essay

In the movie Eyewitness Life, I had many factual observations. First, I noted that cockroaches can survive very low temperatures up until -40c. This has been a very efficient method for their survival. They are among the few creatures that have survived from the prehistoric era. During the change of times and periods such as the ice age, most prehistoric creatures have become extinct. It is this adaptation of the cockroaches that has allowed them to withstand change and be around until today. Second, it showed that humans need to eat as much as they weigh every 50 days. This shows the balance of intake and output with respect to the usage of food we eat for survival. It shows that an adequate amount of nutrition is important to maintain one’s self. It’s amazing how every 50 days, a 70kg man actually should be taking in 70 kg worth of food which is a large quantity, much more than we’d actually notice day by day. Third, primitive life can multiply very fast at breakneck speeds. The significance of this is yet another method of survival. In the wild, there are many predators which can devour the young. Being able to quickly multiply allows nature to continually keep species alive and in good numbers despite the dangers that abound. Fourth, early giraffes may have started with short necks but as they stretched their necks for food they passed on the genes to next generation. This shows us how each specie can adapt to its environment. This allowed giraffes to adapt in order to provide for its needs. Through time, the lengthening of the neck of a giraffe is proof of an animal’s capability to adjust to its environment for survival. Fifth, some male birds catch fish to attract females. The laws of attraction are indeed as real in nature as they are among us men. Sixth, oxygen isn’t always a requirement for life. Bacteria found in deep oceans do not require oxygen. This shows us diversity in nature. Although we humans use oxygen, other creatures are capable of utilizing the other gases for their survival. Those that don’t have access to oxygen, like the bacteria, can adapt and utilize other means. Seventh, when a live sponge is shredded it will replace itself exactly the same way. Once more we see how one can adapt to its environment and survive. This method of regeneration is how the sponge protects itself from extinction. The same goes for starfish and other similar creatures. They can re-grow a lost appendage or part to replace what may have been damaged by a predator. Eighth, tortoises on the Galapagos Island have a notch in their neck, a mutated trait that is passed on to adapt to their environment. Once more, like the giraffe, nature shows how a specie can adapt through time. Ninth, birds are incredible breathing machines. Some can sing without taking another breath. This is an interesting fact. It shows a similarity of birds to us humans, where professional opera singers can mimic this birdlike quality and sing for extended periods on one breath. Lastly, snails move 0. 0013 km per hour. Indeed, they are among the slowest creatures on earth. Hence, nature for adaptation has provided them with a shell for protection, as although speed may not be used for defense, at least the hard covering may pose some resistance in order to survive. Eyewitness: trees In the second movie, the first fact I learned was that trees once covered 4/5 of Earth’s land mass. Secondly, I also noted that trees still cover half of planet area today. This tells me two things. First, trees apparently through time have been an essential part of wildlife and the balance of nature, as since they covered 4/5th of the earth before, they were very much integrated in nature. Second, it shows me how much we have already lost. To have only a half left shows how much more should be done to preserve these trees before even more are destroyed. The third fact is learned is that the oak tree offers habitat for many living things and is one of 30 thousand kinds of trees. Again, this further shows that trees are essential for animals and other wildlife, and the preservation of them is important to protect many aspects of nature. Frogs, salamanders, insects and many more depend on these trees and protecting these creatures means protecting their trees. Fourth, trees can grow almost anywhere, but occasional nature is inhospitable such as in the North and South poles. This shows us that apart from these obscure places, our protection of the forest may not only consist of preventing destruction, but of rebuilding forests as well. Industry over the years has destroyed much of them. As these trees are very capable of growing in almost anywhere, then there is even greater reason to set forth and begin the restoration of these lost forests. Fifth, I learned that from aspirin to the latest cancer drugs, we find treatment from trees. This is a major contribution of trees to our own survival. As these trees show much promise to the world of medicine, then all the more people must be made aware that they must be preserved. For each time some are taken for study, then new ones should be planted. How is the world to progress if we keep taking and taking, and one day there is no more? Another fact I learned was that it takes 4000 mature trees are needed to build a ship. Given the way industry today has taken over, this shows that thousands of trees have been taken to fill our harbors for cargo and trade. The question is: how many of them were actually replaced? It enlightens us regarding the sheer amount of trees that are being taken. In light of their many uses, such as the medicinal use, then much care should be implemented in maintaining a balance between harvest of these trees and restoration of them. Imagine this, the seventh fact I learned was that one tree provides full year oxygen for 8 people. This means that the 4000 trees taken for one ship is oxygen for 32000 people lost. These trees very much provide for us so much, and such, much more concern should be placed on their survival. Eighth fact I learned was that tropical trees grow all year, and for each year, trees grow by just adding rings around their trunk. They add up a new coat each year. I found this interesting as it shows how nature found a way to account for age just the way we do. Ninth, trees are homes for variety of animals. For example, leopards store their prey on trees. Again, not only do trees provide a way of life for the small creatures like frogs and snakes, but for the larger animals as well. A whole environment and diverse balance of life revolves around one tree, from oxygen production, to shelter, to food, and all these are deprived from creatures by their loss. Thus, by destroying trees, we are contributing to the loss of nature itself. The last fact I learned was an interesting one about the giant sequoia. This apparently is the biggest tree and can grow up until 34-storeys tall. In a tree so great and so large, imagine how much it can provide to all life around it. Amazing. Eyewitness: Mammals I learned many things from this movie as well. The first fact I learned was that elephants never stop growing. Apparently, they can live up until 80 years, however in the wild, only until 30 years. I found it interesting that the elephants can actually live as long as we do. Also interesting was how much shorter they live in the wild, precisely 50 years shorter. This shows us the role of care and resources to life. In the wild, they have to provide food for themselves and in the event of a drought and such, when food is scarce, survival time is shorter. Secondly, in the wild, they are exposed to the elements, such as wind, heat and rain, which bear wear and tear on them also decreasing life. Of course, as an additional factor, they are targets as prey for carnivores and this also can decrease their life span. When in care, they are exempt from many of these, thus they live longer lives. I’d say the same for us humans, and any other creature, who can expect longer lives when in good care and nurturing environment. The second fact I learned was that bats are only mammals that can truly fly. They have great navigation skills, can see pray without using their eyes, and have enough stealth to attack their prey without being heard. This primarily shows that bats are in fact not birds, and belong to our group of species: the mammals. It’s interesting how they have managed to adapt by garnering the ability to approach in stealth. This ensures them adequate food resource needed to survive. It also helps with their habitat, as their flight skills allow them to navigate in the dark caves where the dwell. Third, polar bear have black skin and white fur. This was interesting as it shows camouflage. Polar bears live in icy regions. Their white fur allows them to blend in the surroundings to aid in the hunt for food. Fourth, a duck that lay eggs is a mammal. As ducks are birds, there are some mammals that may look like a duck because they possess a similar foot webbing or beak, such as a platypus. Fifth, some anteaters eat 30000 ants per day. This was another interesting fact as 30000 ants a day, would mean 210000 ants a week, and millions more a month. Sixth, rabbits communicate with tail talk. Communication is one similarity between us and animals only in different form. It interesting to see how just like we do, animals have learned to coordinate by other forms of communication. As whales can use their sonar, rabbits use their tails. Seventh fact is that camels are able to detect water more than few days away. These creatures live in the deserts where water is scarce. This ability is an amazing adaptation as it allows them to survival resources in the harshest conditions. Their hump is also another adaptation is it stores energy and fat needed in the event that water and food are miles away through the desert. Eighth, a dominant male seal can mate 100 times in one season. This is a survival method. By having the capability to do so, one males can impregnate more than a hundred females thus ensuring a lot of newborn seals to increase their number by next season. It keeps them in survival despite being prey to the polar bears and killer whales. Ninth, a mouse is only pregnant 6 weeks and a cat 9 weeks. The short gestation period allows room for multiple births a year, against ensuring survival of a species through regular reproduction. The last fact was that if a hedgehog falls down from height, it bounces. This was so interesting, as it apparently has a ball like quality. This helps it survive a fall as it covering allows the bounce to reduce the pressure of impact, and helping it survive.

No Title Yet †Short Story for Creative Writing

No Title Yet – Short Story for Creative Writing Free Online Research Papers No Title Yet Short Story for Creative Writing As Pip lived his life as an adult in the adult world, he also lived in the exact way this poem warns not to. The poem’s themes: love, finance, and regret are present in Pip’s life. Pip continues to ignore the advice he is given and receives the consequences. Pip realizes these consequences and learns from his mistakes. As a person grows older, one realizes their own past mistakes caused by the simple ignorance of wise advice. Pip is constantly helping out others. Pip helps especially Herbert and Magwitch, whom he would do anything for. Herbert, his best friend, becomes in debt, and quickly Pip attempts to clear it. Eventually, he gets him a job. A great example of Pip’s helpful and loyal lifestyle is his dedication to Magwitch, who he dislikes in the beginning, but then grows fond of Magwitch. Pip helps his friends as far as feeling that he has to run away with Magwitch. When Pip realizes that Magwitch is his benefactor, he feels guilty and stops spending Magwitch’s money. Once Magwitch came to his home, he felt that he had to help him, even thought he might have been less gentlemanly. To Pip, this did not matter. He still decided to have him free from the police and then part ways from him. As Pip felt more affectionate to the convict, he decides that he has to escape with him, to help him with anything he would need. He spent all of his money on Magwitch and planned a boat escape. Herbert also receives a benefit from Pip. Pip feels that he has left Herbert in debt by spending money, and he plans to give him a job. Research Papers on No Title Yet - Short Story for Creative WritingMind TravelTrailblazing by Eric AndersonLifes What Ifs19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHip-Hop is Art

Everybody Speaks Hamlet

Everybody Speaks Hamlet Everybody Speaks Hamlet Everybody Speaks Hamlet By Maeve Maddox Someone once said that every generation has its favorite Shakespeare play. Hamlet was a favorite with the Victorians. Macbeth enjoyed a great popularity in the first half of the 20th century; Othello in the second half. It seems to me that King Lear may be the play that will come to be associated with the early 21st century. Whatever the general trend, Hamlet is always near the top of Shakespeare favorites. As a result, quite apart from the famous To be or not to be and What a work is man soliloquies, many of the speeches, lines, and phrases have become embedded in our everyday speech. English speakers who have never read the play or seen it acted are likely to use one or more of the following expressions or some form or another: To thine own self be true Though this be madness, yet there is is method in t. The lady doth protest too much, methinks In my minds eye The plays the thing Frailty, thy name is woman! Neither a borrower nor a lender be to the manner born Alas, poor Yorick! Ay, theres the rub Brevity is the soul of wit Conscience does make cowards of us all Dog will have its day Get thee to a nunnery Hoist with his own petard in my heart of hearts It smells to heaven murder most foul Sweets to the sweet Not a mouse stirring something is rotten in the state of Denmark Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comma After i.e. and e.g.On Behalf Of vs. In Behalf OfThe Difference Between "Shade" and "Shadow"

Materiality in Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 12

Materiality in Auditing - Essay Example In the process of audit planning, the auditor takes the decision as to the level of materiality they will use, accounting for the entirety of financial statements that will be audited. This judgment is mainly done on the basis of the nature, size, and specific circumstances of omissions or misstatements that could influence the financial report’s user. Moreover, this judgment is also influenced by public expectations, regulatory requirements, and legislative requirements (Vaujany & Mitev, 2013: p32). This paper seeks to discuss the importance of materiality in the auditing context, as well as to assess the secrecy of materiality levels used by auditors. According to Porter et al (2014: p73), the term material is critically essential in the context of auditing. Materiality definitions in financial reporting are especially critical to auditors, financial statement preparers, and financial statement users. While only two of these stakeholders may be involved in making decisions on materiality, in this case the auditors and the preparers, the definition of materiality in auditing is oriented more towards the user. The user’s judgment of decisions on materiality is central to defining materiality, rather than the judgment of the financial statement preparer. Budescu et al (2012: p24) define materiality as one of the fundamental and essential auditing concept, noting that the Auditing and Assurance Standard-13 on audit materiality establishes the materiality concept’s standards, as well as how it relates with audit risk. A fair and true financial statement and how it is presented will depend on the materiality concept, amon g other things. Keune & Johnstone (2012: p1650) note the relative nature of the materiality concept, arguing that what is material in a specific situation may be immaterial in another circumstance and that consideration and judgment on materiality is a matter for the auditor’s experience and professional judgment. Thus, the

Racial issues among black & latino boys in school Research Paper

Racial issues among black & latino boys in school - Research Paper Example This is a fundamental variation, since concentrated poverty is related to mediocre educational performance. Poverty at the school level is linked to several factors that impact the overall chance of a school at effectively educating its students, incorporating parent educational backgrounds, accessibility of advanced lessons, educators with specializations in the subject they are handling, fluctuation in enrollment, dropouts, remedied health dilemmas, lower college admission rates and several other critical factors. The large project of compensatory schooling initiated by the nation has had considerable predicaments in achieving improvements and benefits in schools wherein poverty is greatly felt and concentrated. Once school districts go back to vicinity schools, students of white racial background have a tendency to sit beside students from the middle class group but African-American and Latino students are expected to sit beside students from the low class or impoverished group (F ife, 1992). Hence, while discourse over the accurate effect of desegregation persists, it is unquestionable that African-American and Latino students in racially assimilated educational institutions are commonly in schools wherein there are higher levels of standard academic performance than are those in segregated schools. Desegregation does not guarantee that students of non-white racial backgrounds will acquire better opportunities in those educational institutions that rely on how the racially integrated school is managed but it does normally place marginalized students in schools wherein there are better opportunities as well as better equipped and trained peer groups. In a period within which compulsory state examinations for graduation are being implemented, college admissions requirements are getting higher, remedial classes in college are reduced and positive action has previously been eliminated in our two biggest states, the

A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift (Summary Response) Essay

A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift (Summary Response) - Essay Example However, the beautiful view is distorted by street children begging for money (Swift par 1). In addition, the street children are accompanied by their mother. Swift insists on the need to develop a solution to address the problem (Swift par 2). However, he provides that not much has been done to help street families. Consequently, the numbers of street families are increasing significantly. Swift provides a suggestion that the children may be employed in construction and agriculture, but they lack the skills required in the fields (Swift par 17). Years later the children are turned into thieves a scenario that cannot be avoided. To address the problem, Swift develops the argument that the children may feed a massive population if they are served as meals (Swift par 8). He further provides direction on how well to prepare the carcass of a child. In addition, he asserts that their skin after the carcass has been used may be used to make gloves and boots for the rich (Swift par 13). Swift asserts that the solution may be well welcomed by England. This is based on that the country has failed to help Ireland. Consequently, eradication the course of the need would be an effective strategy. Swift uses satire to express his anger on the failure of the government and England to address the poverty problem in Ireland. He proposes cannibalism as the only way that the street children in Dublin could be eradicated from the streets. However, this solution does not reflect his real intent in solving the problem. He asserts that he has no pleasure towards his work, but he seeks to benefit the public (Swift par 31). His objective is to create a written piece from which the reader could understand the depth of the problem. Additionally, the reader is also able to understand the failure by the government. Consequently, the need to suggest such an extreme alternative as solution is developed. In regards to

High School Reunions Essay Example for Free

High School Reunions Essay An observation of a high school re-union was followed by an interview with two of the people attending for this ethnography. The two attendees used for the interview were one male and one female. After identifying some of the possible rationales regarding the culture of the reunion in the observation, the interview was conducted on the basis of the rationales. This was then analysed and compared to some of the findings from cultural research and theory before a conclusion of sorts was made. Observation The group environment and context for the observation was that of the Aliso Niguel High School Class Reunion, Class of 1999. The High School is located in Aliso Niguel CA. The reunion being observed took place in Irvine, CA. There were approximately 300 people present. The general patterns of behaviours amongst the people consisted of lots of mingling and idle chat. Some of the people were notably more reserved than others. It seemed as though the single people were working harder to start conversation and were far more approachable. In contrast, couples didn’t seem to portray the same type of inviting body language when on their own, but became more confident when with a spouse or friend. Approximately, 80% of the attendees held drinks in their hand as a norm and there were also presents and cards being exchanged from the outset. From overhearing the participant’s conversation it seemed as though many of them still lived in the Southern California area and this became a main source of conversation throughout. The interaction was generally based upon excitement, smiling and heightened voices at notably louder than normal volume. With regards to dress codes, there didn’t seem to be much evidence of diversity. This was particularly notable in the case of the females. The majority of them had light hair past their shoulders and the clothing style that was adopted by the attendees was strikingly similar. There were very few obese or overweight people that attended. These people perhaps did not attend as failed invites were not taken. There were clear indications of sub-groups at the gathering, although they seemed to carry conversation with the rest of the attendees in accordance with the larger group. Amongst the males there were indications of many stereotypes such as â€Å"meat head† or â€Å"gym jocks†, as I overheard one female state. Although as many of these people are now approx. 27-30 years old, it was harder to categorize them in such terms. There did seem to be a stronger merge between coupled groups and singled groups rather than any cross over. There appeared to be a symbol of people trying to meet a certain criteria throughout. For instance, there was a group of approximately 15 females. I overheard that all of them got married within the last 2 years and many of them either attended and/or where present at each other’s wedding. This could be indicative of a desire to follow patterns and trends in behaviour as though as everyone else is getting married then so must they, so that they aren’t left behind. Contrastingly, the males seemed to compare status in relation to possessions, such as career, cars, and houses paying particular attention to the location of the houses. There appeared to be a great deal of stereotypical role playing. This was perhaps due to the situation and the fact that earlier identities were known by other attendees. Expectation of success may have accentuated the desire for the attendees to exaggerate their status so as to appear successful. I felt that many of the attendees really liked re-living the past. They may have either really enjoyed their high school years, or were very curious as to what their classmates were doing now. However, this could also be a test of identity or serve as a self measuring experience on the basis of their peer’s behaviours and successes. Interviews The questions that I asked were qualitative, semi structured and thematic in nature focusing mainly upon stereotypes and reasoning. This was to see if the thoughts of the interviewees compared with what seemed apparent about the culture of the re-union gathered from the observation. That is to say, was this something of a self regulation exercise for the attendees or was it an exercise in cultural normality? On being asked for their reasoning in relation to the re-union, the male interviewee stated that: ‘No one takes it seriously. Certainly not me. ’ The second female interviewee stated in relation to the same question that: ‘You kinda get to know everyone personally again‘. These responses suggested two different rationales. In the case of the male, it appeared as though the reunion was something of a casual affair that could turn out to be fun as long as it wasn’t taken seriously or that anything was invested in the occasion. Whereas the female’s response indicated that there was a personal form of intimate gratification involved in seeing other people again. The latter response would suggest that there is some form of self regulation going on in relation to peers (Devine, 1989). Whether this was merely for the purposes of satisfying interest or to measure oneself against the progress of other peers was less clear (Tajfel, 1982). On being given and questioned about some of the stereotypes of others observed at the re-union, the male interviewee stated that: ‘The stereotypes you have mentioned are generally applied to people you haven’t interacted with. They’re based upon ignorance. They go away once you get talking’ This indicates a difference between known and unknown people, which is common in western individualistic society (Hofstede, 2001). It appeared that the male attendee was not willing to accept or perhaps did not realise the significance of stereotypical role playing and instead took everyone at face value once a conversation took place with another. This rejection of stereotypes was also found in the response of the female attendee who stated that: ‘I don‘t really know, I always talk to people at parties and they always seem friendly, bar one or two. Is that a stereotype? †¦ha ha! ’ This raised some interesting points. For instance, although the attendee may well have pre-conceived notions about certain stereotypes, the individuals may have felt that they were the only people that perceived them in that way (Devine, 1989). Due to the experience of the situation that reinforced certain social norms, this stereotype may diminish or grow regardless of the former social group. This was put forward by Gudykunst, who suggested that, â€Å"Some of our stereotypes are unique and based on our individual experiences, but some are shared with other members of our in-groups. The stereotypes we share with others are our social stereotypes. We may know what the social stereotype of a group is, but still hold a different view of the group. † (Gudykunst, 1997, p127) On asking about what they felt they had gained from the experience of the re-union and what others may have also gained, the male attendee stated that: ‘I found out all the different directions that people have taken. It’s not just about getting married, buying a house and having kids. Most people have branched right out since then’ The second female attendee stated in relation to the same question that: ‘I feel good that everyone seems to be doing so well. Everyone’s the same, but do their thing differently, if you know what I mean’ The notion of difference was clear in the responses of the interviewees. It would appear that although the roles and social norms were fairly similar and the content of the conversations were uniformly based upon success, the overview was based upon everyone’s success and happiness maintained through a degree of different life styles. This was again perhaps unsurprising given the individuality that is so common to western cultures (Hofstede, 2001). The emphasis on success and progression was also unsurprising for similar reasons. However, the amount of actual difference that was displayed at the re-union in terms of dress code and normative behaviour could be seen in contradiction of this difference (Tajfel, 1982). It would appear that such difference was only referred to in conversation rather than in actual behaviour. It would appear that sub-cultures were compromised at the re-union and stereotypes were overlooked as long as the attendees followed the correct social norms whilst at the re-union. Bibliography Devine, P, G. , (1989) Stereotypes and Prejudice: Their Automatic and Controlled Components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18. Gudykunst, W. , Bond, M, H. , (1997) Inter-group Relations Across Cultures. In J. W. Berry, M. H. Segall, C. Kagitcibasi (Eds. ) Handbook of cross-cultural Psychology: Social Behaviour and Applications, 3, 119-161. Hofstede, G. (2001) Culture’s Consequences, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Tajfel, H. , (Ed. ) (1982) Social Identity and Inter-group Relations London: Cambridge University Press.