Future Worlds Essay

I think future worlds will change earth entirely; there will probably be teleports and other, various new machinery that could revolutionize the way humans live and survive. Working may be a thing of the past if Robots start taking shape. Various kind of medical advancements might change how long we can live for; eternity might be possible in years down the track, that would make earth very crowded and we humans possibly would have to move planet and inhabit another land and environment, this could also make us evolve and we might need skills like wings or gills to help us survive the new living conditions. Other forms of life might be on other planets and cross breeding between ‘alien’ and ‘human’ might have an effect on the physical and mental changes of humans. If life down the track ends up like how it is stereotyped, then hover cars and flying cars might be the way we transport. Food might also be different, due to the fact that we are killing off animals as a source of meat. Plant life might also die off due to those same reasons. Another possible outcome in the future is the ice caps could melt, causing humans to become water bound, this could either wipe us out, or we could maybe adapt to these changes and change the way we can survive the new prominent element. War could also be another way the world is changed, as much is it is a horrible thing, it could help out thinning the numbers of humans populating earth. War could also make people in general poorer, which might stop the rapid growth in technology. After a war, lots of jobs would become available to repair, make or farm new things to help things improve and to regenerate growth in the world. The downside to wars is, smaller countries could be over run, many people die, families lose loved ones and people are forced to live with such vivid memories while fighting. The way the world is, really does depend on how us humans can maintain earth’s natural resources and how much the technological advancements can improves or hinder the way the world develops. Technological advancement to nuclear warfare could put an end to the world all together, Australia alone has 23% of the world nuclear power, if sold to the wrong people, the world could be gone or heavy mutation could occur, changing life form. A future world, at the moment is really just your imagination, there is very little knowledge of what the world will do, is there really a god? Will there be an Ice age? No one can really know for sure just yet, it is all an assumption and what you think in your own head.

Moving from prescribing medications by brand name to INN

Abstract Drug prescription is not only a routine in medical use functioning, but also plays pivotal role in improving the health status of patients seeking such services. The nature and efficacy of pharmacy services depends on the extent of professionalism, which define the methods and ethical standards with which one carries out such duties.Furthermore, pharmaceutical services vary from one place to another, and often governed by the prevailing state laws. This research paper therefore, presents a detailed discussion of two main aspect of pharmacy. The first section entails the shift in the drug prescription methods, from the initial brand based method to the modern based on the active ingredient making up the medicine. The second section outlines the contribution of a pharmacist in influencing the brand of medicine that can be prescribed in a clinical process. Introduction The efforts aimed at changing the health care provider’s prescribing behaviour to achieve consistency with the ever changing best medical practises is the chief challenge ensuring the safest dispensation and use of medicine. Due the emergence of new data about the use of drugs such as their effectiveness, dosing options, side effects, indications as well as contraindications, the existing pharmaceutical options also keep on evolving (Garcia-Gollarte et.al, 2012). As a result of the new changes in the medical practises, there are resulting gaps between the prescription options based on evidence, and the usual practises in most clinics. For example, other than the common error of under dozing and over dozing, the prescribers may occasionally give particular medicines for wrong conditions. Biological Medicines and Biosimillar medicines The biological medicines are also referred to as biologics, and consist of organic compounds made through biotechnological mechanisms. The biologics appeared for use in the 1980s, and have since then advanced to bring improvements in the treatment of many diseases. Their uses as alternative medicine have revolutionized the treatment of diseases, which has led to the improvement of health status across billions of people in the world. Consequently, this category of drugs has become popular since their introduction, a process whose end has seen the diminishing power of the original biological medicine. There are many manufacturing companies, who have acquired the permission to manufacture similar brands of the original biological medicine, commonly trending the medical market as biosimillar medicines. As a result of the existing complexity in the process of manufacturing the original medicine, the biosimillar medicines do not qualify for the generic class of medicine (Dylst, Vulto & Simoens, 2013). This is mainly due to the fact that this category is not typically identical to the original medicine. There are concerns regarding the authenticity and the effectiveness of the process of differentiating between such biosimillar medicines and the original biological medicines. These concerns are based on the extents of similarities observed when such drugs are used, as compared to the original biological medicines. For example, under same conditions of a particular patient, when a biosimillar is compared with Infliximab, the uses of biosimilars have manifested the same therapeutic efficacy, as well as the incidences of drug related events. In addition to the similar levels of therapeutic efficacy, biosimilars are equally tolerated by the body system, and also comparable in terms of their safety issues. It is the complexity in their manufacturing processes, in tandem with safety concerns that the ongoing monitoring derives its basis (Declerck & Simoens, 2012).Concerns regarding the use of biosimilar drugsThe concerns rose over the issues relating to safety, efficacy and the cost of using the biosimilars have resulted into the urgent need for a change of prescription method from the initial brand name to the use of active ingredients. This is because of the compromise of such brands, in which certain biosimilars do not recognize the copied brands, and thus creating confusion. The key concern that has been raised through the Pharmacovigilance involves the criteria wit which one can use to draw a line between the original biological medicine and the biosimilar medicines. There are a plethora of biosimilar medicines that after manufacturing have been approved by the European Medicines Agency. Such approvals have derived their bases on the abbreviated programs, in which the manufacturing process was purely based on copying the formula of those biological medicines already in the market. Some of these biosimilar medicines in this category exist in the market, despite lack of approval by the regulatory bodies, under the legal regulatory frameworks within Europe. Their lack of approval has therefore led to the ultimate doubt about the validity of such medicines, especially the possibility of adverse reactions occurring as side effects. The cost of purchasing the biosimilar medicines has also raised major concerns in the pharmaceutical industries in the Europe, just like other parts of the world. The relative low cost of acquiring such medicines has led into a perception by many people, that the existence of cheaper alternatives could be derailing the development of the industry. Consequently, there is an increase of pressure to prescribe the cheaper and new alternatives among patients, who may not afford the original biological medicines. Furthermore, such pressures have led to the increased use of such alternatives without any critical attention paid to the criteria of prescription and application of brand names. Transition from the drug brand name to the INN system of drug prescription The recent decades have been epitomised by a major burden of chronic diseases, not only among the European member states, but also across the globe. In order to curb the ever growing menace of such diseases among populations, the concerned authorities such as the World Health Organization, through respective governments have had to act. The chief aim of such action by the WHO, through respective governments have been to facilitate, and enforce laws to ensure that all professional health workers and patients access the safest, high quality, modern and affordable medicine to improve the health status of their people. Biomedical studies over time have identified the biological medicines as one of the most effective categories of medicine that can meet this criterion. However, the main challenge in the provision of such biological medicine has been manifested on the means of identification by both patients and pharmacists during prescription. Surveys have further pointed out that the method of prescription plays a pivotal role in limiting the resulting confusion during the identification of drugs from place, particularly from one country to another within Europe (CDC, 2012). For instance, over the recent decades, the method of prescription has been based on the brand name. There are a number of factors that determine the brand name for a particular medicine, such as the location or trans-border movements within Europe. Such variation have therefore been a core ingredient in breeding the much confusion when prescribing drugs from one place, especially for patients who may be new in such places. A particular brand name for a medicine used at one point may either be unfamiliar, or used for a different medicine in another place (Rotenstein et.al, 2013). Consequently, the need for a more standardised system of naming and prescribing drugs across the globe, including the European member states becomes an indispensible discourse. The European member states, in tandem with the world, have therefore joined the movement from prescribing medications by brand name to the INN International Nonproprietary Name (INN). Currently, there is a legislation process, whose purpose is to prevent doctors from brand prescription, but rather an active ingredient in the medicine, to allow easy determination by the patient. The International Nonproprietary Name (INN) The International Nonproprietary Name is a special term in healthy sciences and medicines, which is given to pharmaceuticals for purposes of easy identification. Having been initiated by the World Health Organization, the INN system of identification began to operate in 1953, for the benefit of not only the health workers such as pharmacists, but also help patients identify their medication with ease. The ease of identification was based on the common aim of the system for the generation of convenient common names for the existing pharmaceutical substances. In this case, each name generated under this system becomes unique for a global recognition of the substance as a public property. Consequently, the INN given to each pharmaceutical can have wide uses for the manufacturers and users, as well as the process of generic prescription in studies regarding drug use (CDC, 2012). The use of the International Nonproprietary Name in the drug prescription process functions to harmonise the communication regarding the medical activities among health professionals, drug consumers and patients. As a result, this system helps to prevent potential occurrence of medication errors. A medication error refers to any resulting misconception in the processes of drug prescription, dispensation, administration as well as monitoring the use of a particular drug. Medication errors are a major cause of most adverse reactions in patients, whose prevention can easily be achieved through accurate use of the relevant drugs. The accuracy can also be achieved through a process of synchronization, in which a single drug can retain a single identification from one place to another. A prescription method, based on the active ingredient as the common component of a particular drug, such as the INN system, has been enforced through a new legislative body referred to as the European Union Pharmacovigilance Legislation. Pharmacovigilance is a process, which consists of scientific activities of detecting, conducting an assessment of the adverse risks, understanding, and the establishment of potential prevention measures for the resulting adverse reactions (CDC, 2012). The European Medicines AgencyResponsibilitiesThe chief responsibility of the European Medicines Agency is to obtain and report the relevant data regarding adverse drug reactions, resulting from medical errors. Such reports are gathered and submitted to the Eudravigilance, a database that stores all the relevant data for medical errors among the European member states. Moreover, the database system is designed in such a way that it does not only receive the relevant information on adverse drug reaction, but also processes, stores and avails upon demand, the stored information after electronic submission.s The database run by the European Medical agency also permits users to conduct a critical analysis of the data herein, and enables one t make accurate conclusions regarding the data collected in determining the prevailing medical trends in different regions of Europe (Declerck, & Simoens, 2012). In the modern system, there are legislative measures, which ensure that the data regarding medicines are stored and undergo general processing, during which drugs should maintain a standard description using the active ingredient, other than the initial brand name. In addition to the data reception, storage, and analysis through the Eudravigilance database, the legislative body also has a role of coordination among the European member states. The coordination role between different medicine regulatory authorities across Europe also involves all the individual Pharmacovigilance centres, as well as the patient safety authorities. The main aim of this role is to ensure that there is mutual flow of relevant information among the member states, so as to enhance communication of the occurrence of adverse drug reactions. The Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) is also a legislative committee charged with a duty of offering the requisite recommendations for all medicine regulatory frameworks within the EU (Allen & Ansel, 2013). The recommendations made by the Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee function to enhance further safety issues, resulting from inappropriate use of medicines in various regions across the member states (O’Connor, Gallagher & O’Mahony, 2012). While formulating these recommendations, the committee takes into considerations, including risk management issues, to monitor the extent of effectiveness, with which various mechanisms help to eradicate the occurrence of medication errors and adverse drug reactions. Role of a Pharmacist in Determining a Drug Prescription Pharmacists have the most critical role in determining the type or brand of medication to prescribe. This is because they are the base of the powers for dispensing the drugs for patients, in a normal clinical routine (Gibberson et.al, 2013). When lack of professionalism occurs in the dispensation of medicines for patients, there are higher chances of adverse medical reactions resulting from medical errors. Each year, the occurrence of medical errors, emanating from inappropriate prescription and dispensation of medicines by unprofessional pharmacists has caused harm to at least 1.5 million people. Furthermore, the loss incurred in terms of the cost of treating the injuries caused in hospitals runs at higher levels of at least $3.5 Billion each year. However, these cost estimates do not take into account the additional cost in terms of the extra wages and salaries incurred while causing and correcting such messes (Spinewine, Fialova & Byrne, 2012). Throughout history, pharmacists have played a pivotal role in ensuring an improved patient health through appropriate prescription and dispensing of the right brand of medicine. Through improved disease management techniques and therapy practises, effective spending in healthcare activities, and enhanced adherence leads to improved quality of life (Haga et.al, 2013). In order to influence the brand of medicine to prescribe for a particular patient, the pharmacist should acquire a deeper comprehension of the patients’ medical condition. Most often, the pharmacist relies entirely on the information obtained from the technician, which helps them provide additional base for the patient’s safety (O’Connor, Gallagher & O’Mahony, 2012). In order to obtain the required accuracy, it is important for the technician to observe strict adherence to the system based procedures when obtaining the information regarding a patient’s medical condition. In cases where the technician experiences unusual or any form of abnormalities, it is their responsibility to inform the pharmacist, to enable them prescribe and dispense the right brand of medicine (Allen & Ansel, 2013).The Scope of Practise in PharmacyThe scope of practise for different pharmacists varies from one country to another, depending on the prevailing state laws. The governing board of pharmacy also plays a pivotal role in determining the extent to which professional pharmacists can exercise their powers, and ability to influence the type of prescription. There are sets of regulation in various countries, which permit the pharmacists to exercise their powers as professional within specific areas within the medical care system (Law et.al, 2012). On the other hand, other countries have laws that encourage a broader approach to service delivery within the medical service delivery. The pharmacist may therefore take part in different parts of the medication, ranging from diagnosis, prescription, drug dispensation as well as monitoring. The pharmacist therefore has a wide range of options and opportunities, during which they can influence the prescription of a given medicine (Abood, 2012).Job SatisfactionJob satisfaction is another aspect of enabler, through which pharmacists acquire an opportunity to influence the prescription. In the modern world of health care system, the practise of pharmacy has advanced from the initial practise of dispensing medicine and offering counselling sessions to offering more detailed clinical patient care services. In cases where a pharmacist meets restraining conditions in which they are unable to offer a wider spectrum of services to their patients, they often lack satisfaction from their jobs (A llen & Ansel, 2013).Eradication of fraudulent prescriptionThe main source of medical errors often emanate from fraudulent prescriptions, some of which are out of human intervention, while the rest may be unintentional. In order to take control of the process and make the relevant decision regarding the prescription, pharmacists should understand what constitutes fraudulent practises and work towards eradicating them. Fraudulent prescriptions are caused by legitimate practises, in which patients decide to make alterations to their prescriptions to suit their personal interests (Declerck & Simoens, 2012). In such cases, the patient may show preference for a particular brand of medicine, and insist that they be treated with the same. In other experiences, patients may also alter prescriptions depending on the cost incurred, in which they either opt for cheaper brands, or prefer more expensive brands due to their perception of higher quality and efficacy. A pharmacist may use their influence in such cases to discover the fraud and alter the prescription, and dispense the right medicine depending on the patient’s conditions (Cornes, 2012). In addition to cases of alteration, pharmacists also have the technical and professional skills to discover the validity of prescription pads. One of the most conspicuous methods of identifying the validity of such prescription pads may involve subjecting the contact information to a rigor of scrutiny, to determine if they bear the name of the bearer. Such details may include the surnames, contact phone number as well as the registration number (Campanelli, 2012). Professionally, stealing a prescription pads translates into an automatic medical error and a potential adverse reaction. In situations where the pharmacists discover such anomalies, there are a number of professional measures that can be employed to influence the brand of medication prescribed and dispensed. Pharmacists ensure that they apply strict rules, in which only the state authorised individuals or prescribers can write prescription orders. The state authorized person is defined by the state a trained physician, dentist, veterinarian, podiatrist, as well as other state registered practitioners. For instance, there are states with strict rules in which other health professionals such as physician assistants and nurses to participate in conducting prescriptions under supervision or instruction by the pharmacist in charge. Similarly, other states also permit a sense of autonomy for the mid-level practitioners (Law, et.al, 2012). The pharmacist therefore has a duty to understand the prevailing laws regarding the state provisions on drug prescription, before determining one. This helps them avoid cases of assumption, in which they perceive that every prescription given for the controlled substances is inappropriate. A pharmacist who obtains a prescription whose validity attracts signs of doubt or appears invalid in any way, it is professional to undertake affirmative steps aimed at establishing the authenticity of the prescription holder (Cornes, 2012). In cases where the pharmacists have doubts about the contact information, they may have to use the prescriber’s contact office, other than the patients contact information. A telephone call to the office creates an additional time in the prescription process, during the concerned parties may address the gaps in the existing prescription. This way, the pharmacist not only gets a chance to influence the types of medication prescribed, but also adheres to t he legal requirements, including state laws regarding the use of drugs. References Abood, R. R. (2012). Pharmacy practice and the law. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Allen, L. V., & Ansel, H. C. (2013). Pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Campanelli, C. M. (2012). American Geriatrics Society Updated Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults: The American Geriatrics Society 2012 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(4), 616. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC. (2012). CDC grand rounds: prescription drug overdoses-a US epidemic. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 61(1), 10. Cornes, P. (2012). The economic pressures for biosimilar drug use in cancer medicine. Targeted oncology, 7(1), 57-67. Declerck, P. J., & Simoens, S. A. (2012). European perspective on the market accessibility of biosimilars. Biosimilars, 2, 33-40. Dylst, P., Vulto, A., & Simoens, S. (2013). Demand-side policies to encourage the use of generic medicines: an overview. Expert review of pharmacoeconomics & outcomes research, 13(1), 59-72. Garcia-Gollarte, F., Baleriola-Julvez, J., Ferrero-Lopez, I., & Cruz-Jentoft, A. J. (2012). Inappropriate drug prescription at nursing home admission. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 13(1), 83-e9. Gibberson, R. A. D. M., Yoder, C. D. R., & Lee, C. D. R. (2012). Improving Patient and Health System Outcomes through Advanced Pharmacy Practice. A Report to the US Surgeon General. University of the Incarnate Word Pharmacy Review, 1(2). Haga, S. B., Burke, W., Ginsburg, G. S., Mills, R., & Agans, R. (2012). Primary care physicians’ knowledge of and experience with pharmacogenetic testing. Clinical genetics, 82(4), 388-394. Law, M. R., Ma, T., Fisher, J., & Sketris, I. S. (2012). Independent pharmacist prescribing in Canada O’Connor, M. N., Gallagher, P., & O’Mahony, D. (2012). Inappropriate Prescribing. Drugs & aging, 29(6), 437-452. Rolland, Y., Andrieu, S., Crochard, A., Goni, S., Hein, C., & Vellas, B. (2012). Psychotropic drug consumption at admission and discharge of nursing home residents. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 13(4), 407-e7. Rotenstein, L. S., Ran, N., Shivers, J. P., Yarchoan, M., & Close, K. L. (2012). Opportunities and Challenges for Biosimilars: What’s on the Horizon in the Global Insulin Market?. Clinical Diabetes, 30(4), 138-150. Spinewine, A., Fialova, D., & Byrne, S. (2012). The role of the pharmacist in optimizing pharmacotherapy in older people. Drugs & aging, 29(6), 495-510.

Conversion and Adaptation of Buildings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Strategy Implementation in an International Food and Beverage Company Case Study

Strategy Implementation in an International Food and Beverage Company - Case Study Example This paper illustrates that one of the strategic plans adopted by the company under the leadership of Frank is market control and dominance that has enabled the company’s presence to be felt in different parts of the world. In line with this strategy, the company has been involved in a number of partnerships and mergers with different food companies in different parts of the world. In 2007, the company entered into partnership with Kraft Company to market its products especially the biscuits. This partnership enabled the company to make significant inroads into different markets in Europe. In the same year also witnessed the opening of new markets for its baby and clinical nutrition products when it entered into a marketing partnership with Numico, a Dutch-based company. Frank relates their acquisition strategic plan to the significant increase in sales that the company has enjoyed especially in 2012. The transformation of the company’s geographical profile and areas th at it continues to lay emphasis in has also resulted into changes in its market shape. Frank confirms that currently, majority of their sales come from different parts of Europe and this accounts for 40%. ... Today, food and beverage products from different multinationals including Danone are shipped to global markets. The prices of such products are determined by the global market demand and supply and such determines the strategies adopted by these multinationals. Operations within the global arena have a number of benefits to a business that holds significant potential in the success of such organizations. It creates new market and niche for the companies as they venture into new regions thus increasing a company’s international presence. Global market operation also increases the publicity and dominance of a company’s brand that increasing recognition and acceptance across different regions in the globe. Cross-border integration as practiced by Danone has opened up new markets for its products in different regions including the Dutch markets. As most of these products target nutritional and clinical markets, Danone has been enabled to increase its services to different parts of Europe. However, a slight variation may exist between the receptions that the four products produced and marketed by the company may receive in the global market. Fresh dairy products and water has met stiff competition in the international market from other companies that specialize in similar goods within the global markets. However, the baby and medical nutrition products marketed by the company have received a much different reception due to the strategy the company has adopted in the global market. For example, while introducing the products in the Netherlands, the company used Numico, a Dutch-based FMCG company to introduce its products into the market.

Internal Control Failures Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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The Dimensions of Interprofessional in Nursing Practice Essay

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Operations Decision Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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How to feel Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

How to feel Happiness - Essay Example Some say that they believe they could be happy if only they had more money, some say that they would be happier if they found love, still others say they would be happy in a different place or a different time. The end result is that each of these points of view is delaying happiness into the future until such a time as a given goal or milestone is able t be reached. Unfortunately, once this goal is reached, oftentimes the individual has a new goal or milestone – or has even forgotten about the old one- so that they are never able to achieve that happiness which they so desire. In this way, shaping one’s environment in order to create peace and contentment is a powerful way in which happiness can be achieved. Many world religions speak of this. Most notably the Bible counsels, â€Å"I have learned in whatsoever state I am therewith to be content† (The Holy Bible Philippians 4:11). Though many of the world’s major religions teach this, it seems to be a precept that has been lost on humanity. As such, it is perhaps this very reason that has meant that spiritual teachers have for so long attempted to change people’s minds with respect to their surroundings a nd particular situation in life; as compared to the way that people oftentimes see this. Therefore, thinking of happiness as a journey and not a destination is the most powerful tool in changing the environment we find ourselves in. Naturally it is human nature to be dissatisfied, discontent, and generally unhappy with the state of affairs. In truth, this discontent nature is one of the factures that drives us out of our comfort zone and encourages us to make changes in the world. Oftentimes these changes lead to good things; sometimes to bad. Regardless, a healthy dose of contentment in one’s given situation can greatly assist the individual in achieving a

Criminal Behavior and Crimes against Property Assignment

Criminal Behavior and Crimes against Property - Assignment Example The Bureau of Justice, Criminal Victimization Report (2011) disclosed the relevant statistics pertaining to crimes against property, in general. It was revealed that â€Å"the overall property crime rate, which includes burglary and theft, increased 11% between 2010 and 2011, from 125.4 to 138.7 victimizations per 1,000 households† (Bureau of Justice, 2012, p. 1). The specific type of property crime pertaining to stolen fossils across countries apparently falls under the category: cultural property, art and antiquities which are being governed by the Homeland Security Investigation (U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), n.d.). There were just about 41 cases of cultural heritage repatriations that were specifically enumerated in ICE’s official website since 2003 (U.S. ICE, n.d.), excluding the recently reported stolen property. As emphasized, â€Å"the theft and trafficking of cultural items is a practice that is older than history. What is new about it is how easy it is for cultural pirates to acquire valuable antiquities, artworks and artifacts, fossils, coins or textiles and move them around the globe, swiftly, easily and inexpensively without regard to laws, borders, nationalities or their value to a nation’s heritage† (U.S. ICE, n.d., par. 2). Likewise, it was also noted that â€Å"since 2007, more than 6,600 artifacts have been returned to 24 countries, including paintings from France, Germany, Poland and Austria, 15th to 18th century manuscript from Italy and Peru, as well as cultural artifacts from China, Cambodia and Iraq† (U.S. ICE, 2012, par. 12). From the news article, it was specifically noted that the perpetrator, Eric Prokopi, was acknowledged to be a commercial paleontologist whose job included obtaining â€Å"fossils from around the world, sometimes buying or trading them, and works with museums and major auction houses† (Moynihan, 2012, par. 19). Thus, the stolen fossil was then being auctioned at Heritage Auctions for profit. As noted, the â€Å"dinosaur skeleton sold for more than $1 million† (Moynihan, 2012, par. 2).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Managing Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing Human Resources - Essay Example The purpose of any team work is to work toward a valued and common goal of an organization. The most important aspect of effective work teams is communication between members of a team in an efficient manner. It involves the ability of each member to understand what the other member is thinking and to determine his/her intentions in an effective manner. There are numerous team development theories and this concept is not new in the modern world. These theories create an effective framework by which the contribution of each member of a team to the team’s performance and development can be evaluated and analyzed. Belbin’s theory in this regard can be considered as an important theory in the development of work teams (Napier and Gershenfeld, 1999, p. 79). Belbin suggests that there is existence of nine team attitudes that are considered as important to success. The nine team attitudes are divided into three major categories by Belbin such as thought oriented roles, people oriented roles, and action oriented roles. Action oriented roles comprise shaper, implementer, and finisher. The shaper refers to an individual who is considered to be a highly motivated leader and possesses sound capabilities in handling pressure (Parker, 1994, pp. 33-37). He is considered to have high competence with regard to handling obstacles and c hallenges. His dynamism plays a huge role in encouraging others to accomplish their tasks. The Shaper is considered to display a high level of aggression which may at times hurt the feelings of others. It is necessary that work teams have a shaper for achieving the desired results but the existence of more than one shaper may be detrimental to the interest of the team as it can lead to face offs between the two shapers. Implementer refers to those individuals who are reliable, disciplined, and works very hard to fulfil the obligations of the team (Robbins and Finley, 2000, p. 65). They are

The attempt by the government Essay Example for Free

The attempt by the government Essay A Slum refers to informal settlements within urban areas or cities. The informal settlements depict inadequate housing and miserable condition with reference to living standards (Meade p 43). In the slums, numerous individuals seek housing facilities within small living spaces. The slums also lack basic local authority services such as sanitation, collection of waste, water, drainage systems, street lighting, and emergency roads. Most slums also lack schools, hospital, and public places that might offer adequate environment for social amenities. The experience of France illustrates the essence of slums within the modern society (Oberti p 58). Crime and unemployment are on the rise within the slums because of the poor living conditions and inaccessibility of the municipal services. UN-HABITAT offers a clear definition of the slum household as the group of individuals who live under the same roof in a city experiencing lack of durable housing facilities, enough living space, and access to clean water, sanitation, and security of tenure to prevent evictions that are forceful in nature. Development of Slums Development of slums in France results from two factors: population growth and governance. The modern society experiences almost half the population of the world within the cities. Migration of people from the rural areas to the cities in France arises from several factors. These factors include low income in relation to agriculture, push and pull migration forces, prospects of better jobs, survival strategy for the rural households, and accessibility of transport and communication facilities in urban areas. The other factor that contributes to the development of slums in France is poor governance. This is in relation to inadequate planning and distribution of resource consequently growth and development of slums. Development of slums is a reflection of the crime and unemployment within the nation creating an opportunity for the government to stamp its authority in enhancing the living condition for the citizens (W. L p 412). Preventing of Development of the new Slums Several activities are in place in France towards prevention of further development of slums. The first measure is acknowledging the fact that urbanization would continue to occur. This addresses the infective approach that involves the development of the rural areas a way of limiting the migration of people to the cities. The government needs to put measures in place to ensure an improvement of living condition of the citizens in the cities. This involves planning effectively and efficiently to address the inadequacies within the cities. Authorities should identify the essence of free land and plan on how to erect housing facilities to serve the overwhelming population growth in the cities. This would reduce criminal activities and unemployment thus the overall growth and development of the nation (Sheuya p 303). In Thailand, the political commitment, strategic planning, and constant monitoring of the economic development are crucial factors towards prevention of slums. The presence of active civil society in most parts of the world is an element that contributes in the prevention of slums within the modern society. This is possible through adoption and implementation of slum policies. Slum Upgrading and its Importance Slum upgrading is the act of improving informal areas. The process of improvement involves formalization, incorporation, and extension of land. The authority also provides the essential services to the city dwellers in the form of safe water and effective sanitation process. Slum upgrading in France involves the provision of social, economic, institutional, and community services similar to other citizens. The main aim of upgrading of the slums in France is to develop dynamic society with elements of ownership, inward investment, and entitlement within the informal areas (Parkinson p 142). The attempt by the government to relocate the slum residents is not practical a factor that has led to the adoption of upgrading techniques. Relocation of the residents expresses elements of high economic and social costs with reference to disruptions. The main beneficial aspect of slum upgrading is that the citizens enjoy fundamental right to live under decent conditions. Slums upgrading enables the city to address crucial challenges such as legality and social protection. The act is also essential in encouraging the development of the economy. This is in relation to minimization of the unemployment elements within the urban areas. Upgrading of the slums is also noteworthy in relation to the achievement of quality life. Slum upgrading also aims at reducing the level of criminal activities and unemployment from the economy. The governments need to restructure and change social paradigms in order to maximize the outcome of slum upgrading. Conclusion Slums are hindrance to the achievement of economic growth and development. It is the duty of the government to plan effectively towards the achievement of quality life within the cities. Slums contribute towards the presence of criminal activities within the cities and unemployment hence a significant force towards the overall economic development. Upgrading of slums is vital in the process of offering economic, social, institutional, and cultural services to the city dwellers like other citizens. Works Cited Meade, Eric. Slums: A Catalyst Bed for Poverty Eradication. Futurist 46. 5 (2012): 43-45. W. L. The Factors That Create a Slum. American Journal of Economics Sociology 45. 4 (2006): 412.. Oberti, Marco. The French Republican Model of Integration: The Theory of Cohesion and the Practice of Exclusion. New Directions for Youth Development 2008. 119 (2008): 55-74. Jalivay, Nita. Look Left, Look Wright: Observations From The City Of Light. Papers on Language Literature 44. 4 (2008): 416. Sheuya, Shaaban A. Improving the Health and Lives of People Living In Slums. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1136. (2008): 298-306. Parkinson, J. , K. Tayler, and O. Mark. Planning and Design of Urban Drainage Systems in Informal Settlements in Developing Countries. Urban Water Journal 4. 3 (2007): 137-149.

Sherlock Holmes short stories Essay Example for Free

Sherlock Holmes short stories Essay Arthur Conan-Doyle is the acclaimed author of the infamous Sherlock Holmes short stories. His stories, although often different in setting and subject follow certain characteristics that link them all together. The characteristics enable us to distinguish Conan-Doyles stories from stories of a similar genre, and allow the reader to stay interested in the whole series of stories as certain main features of the stories such as the relationship between Holmes and Watson can remain fairly consistent and yet there may be slight changes to keep the reader on their toes. The first characteristic of a Sherlock Holmes short story is the introduction made by Watson, although it is not always Watson telling the story it is always the good Dr who introduces the reader to the next exciting adventure. In most occasions Dr Watson does continue to narrate the whole story as most of he stories are recited to us from Watsons notes. However, on certain occasions like in the case of the Musgrave Rituals it is Holmes telling the story of a past case to Watson. From the Musgrave Ritual we begin to realize how much Holmes is admired by Watson. This is another important characteristic used by Conan-Doyle as it begins to outline the two detectives great if unconventional friendship. In the Musgrave Ritual we learn that Holmes expeditions started before his biography had come to glorify him. Watson asks Holmes if These are cases of you early work then? I have often wished that I had notes of those cases In showing his admiration of Holmes to the reader Watson illustrates his role in the friendship, Holmes then shows us his arrogance and domination of the friendship when he is refers to Watson as nothing but his biographer in a quite derogatory manner. This scene is replayed in many of the Holmes short stories and is a regular characteristic throughout. After the introduction by Watson we are quickly introduced to the case by either Holmes or Watson, this is often by the introduction of a third party, the victim of the case, or an inspector having trouble solving a case or even and old man who lost a turkey in the case of the Blue Carbunkle. The third party brings to the story a new personality, and the way they are introduced is another consistent characteristic of a Sherlock Holmes story.  Arthur Conan-Doyle goes into great detail when describing a new character into the adventure. Through Watson (in most cases) the readers imaginary taste buds are tickled with fantastic slices of information, which make the fictional tale even more lifelike. When we are introduced to Dr Grimesby Roylott, of Stoke Moran in the adventure of The Speckled Band we are given half a page of description,  a huge man had framed himself in the aperture.  His costume was a peculiar mixture of the professionaland of the agricultural, having a black top-hat, a long   frock-coat and a pair of high gaiters, with a hunting- crop  swinging in his hand. So tall was he that his hat actually  brushed the cross bar of the doorway, and his breadth  seemed to span it across from side to side. A large face,  seared with a thousand wrinkles, burned yellow with the sun,  and marked with every evil passion, was turned from one to  the other of us, while his deep-set, bile shot eyes, and his high,  thin fleshless nose, gave him somewhat the resemblance  to a fierce old bird of prey. As the story progresses Watson acts as a link between the reader and the puzzle, he is often as confused as we are as Holmes delves deeper into the mystery.  Conan Doyle litters red herrings around his stories so as to distract the reader from the path that Holmes may be taking and to build up the feeling of suspense, this is a common technique used by the author although not always to the same affect. Conan Doyle uses the red herring well in the case of the 6 Napoleons where the motive for the crime is not realised until the very end of the tale, so the red herrings are harder to spot. Holmes character is consistent throughout the stories, he is very enigmatic in his work and unwilling to share what he has found until the crime has been solved, in his conclusion Holmes uses simple sentences as he unfolds his methods to solving the crime, he makes it seem very simple.  I could not say that he had not found the pearly in Harkers  bust. I had not even concluded for certain that it was the pearl.  The name of the murdered man linked the one even with the other. Holmes is seldom humbled, and rarely shows emotion this is another of Conan Doyles characteristics that that complement the stories  Arthur Conan Doyle followed certain techniques when writing the Sherlock Holmes short stories, he kept many characteristics constant so as to write a complete series. And, although each of the stories were quite different to one another they are all easily distinguished as an Arthur Conan Doyle piece of work. This is perhaps the reason that the novels were so successful with book readers worldwide.

Challenges in human resource management faced by foreign businesses

Challenges in human resource management faced by foreign businesses According to the figures established by the World Bank in 1996 there has been unmatchable rate of economic growth in East Asian countries including china, Indonesia and Vietnam. The annual growth rate of the above mentioned countries was 7.8%, 6% and 8% respectively. The major reason for East Asian expansion was the foreign direct investment which by 1994 accounted for 54% of total foreign direct investment in developing countries by western companies. China had been on top by inviting 75% of total foreign direct investment made in 1994 in major East Asian countries. (World Bank, 1996) It has been the second largest country to invite maximum foreign direct investment. (UNCTAD, 1995) Foreign direct investment not just came with huge amount of investments of western world into big Chinese companies but many mergers, acquisitions, subsidiaries and joint ventures came with it. When we see many advantages of foreign direct investment, which will likely to remain the reason for growth in East Asian countries in future, there are certain disadvantages which cant be overlooked. The major concern was and going to be the management of human resource. Matching business practices to those of conventional Chinese companies and gradually leading them in the direction of modern business practices and keeping the productivity as high as possible is one of the toughest challenges western managers face and sometime might not be able to deal with it. Training and development of expatriates and saving early repatriate is just another challenge companies face when they are conducting businesses overseas. One of the biggest challenge for human resource managers is to understand the culture and to set up business practices and policies in accordance with it because without having known the norms, traditions and values one just cant make decisions which can be fruitful and give good return on investments made. Chinese culture is intense so to speak. Least adaptive to the changes in modern world economy which requires quick addressing to rapidly changing needs and demands of the customers, implication of new skills, information sharing, etc. In late 1950s Iron Rice policy has been the foundation of Chinese personnel management which indicates the guaranteed job security, income and benefits for lifetime. (Warner, 1996; Korzec, 1992) Later in 2001 Iron Rice policy had to be broken when china joined world trade organisation due to issues raised by some economists. The biggest drawback of this policy if it had been in practice even now would be poor response to changing competition and low productivity because 50 years old cant be as efficient and competitive as 25 years old. In 1978, Chinese government introduced The Open Door policy which was to modernize Chinese industry and to introduce western technology and management skill and this was achieved by international equity joint ventures. (Warner, 1996) One of the problems mentioned in above paragraphs is sharing of information which was noted even in extreme situations where there it was necessary to overcome the hindrances or to stop the business from demise. (Child, 1994) Behaviour which limits the quality of work and productivity can be reinforced by cultural values. Guanxi refers to personal relations or exchange of favours based on friendships. (Chen, 1995) Its like you give me something and I give you something back. Keeping a healthy and friendly relation with employees helped the expatriate managers do well at times but it is sometimes not convenient to establish relationships and run the system based on universal values. (Sergeant, Frenkal: 1998) On the other hand Guanxi counters performance based values and systems as in most of western organisations. HRM practices are more or less cultural sensitive. Lockett indicated four main features of Chinese culture to understand the business and management practices in Chinese firms. 1) Respect for age and hierarchy which results in centralised decision making system, 2) Face and harmony which is considered significant aspects of social life in china, 3) Group orientation refers to being a part of certain group, team or faction, Chinese people like to be represented on the basis of group they are part of, 4) Personal relationships (Guanxi) as explained above is return of favours based on friendships. The above mentioned features of Chinese culture help us understand the long followed norms seen even now in some companies. The question arises whether to follow standard universalistic values or to focus on localization of human resource practices in order to keep business going. In a survey conducted by Bjorkman and Lu found out that the degree of standard globalisation was higher than localisation of human resource management. According to the findings standardisation was higher in companies with strong western partners. Due to the tension between MNC standardisation and localisation of HRM companies choose either of two. The distinction between MNC standards and human resource localization companies seems to be shifting away from implementing Chinese or western management practices and rather focusing on what kind of techniques and practices are required in a certain company. Sometimes companies hire groups of Chinese employees under the supervision of expatriate managers. This helps companies to successfully establish businesses in China but later find it difficult to change the work culture and practices due to strong interpersonal relations (Guanxi). In and out group is another aspect which give managers a hard time to establish good relations and to externally hired Chinese employees. Foreign subsidiaries face double pressure to not only conforming to local environment and norms in which they operate but also to parent company expectations to maintain the internal consistency. (Westney, 1993) In order to keep the business going successfully companies should mix its global standards with the local policies and make a hybrid system in which some of the norms of Chinese culture can be accepted and some can be adapted. Developing an effective work force is a major challenge in China. Achieving cheap labour is easy but to achieve good labour relation is a bit hard thing. This challenge comes with four main concerns as noted by Weldon and Vanhonacker. 1) Selecting local people who have potential to succeed, 2) Providing the learning and training experience they need for development, 3) Retaining the best employees, and 4) Managing day to day work relationships. It is difficult for expatriate managers to hire proactive people who can take an initiative in company related matters as happen in western companies. In a related study managers reported that Chinese employees keep avoiding the issue until it becomes difficult to ignore. When solutions are addressed they are mostly are based on precedents while in western companies managers appreciate employees who take an initiative to raise the issues and address them proactively. The solutions are mostly new ones based on the issue of the time and not on p recedents. Continuous improvement and creativity is valued and rewarded in western companies. People and companies when coming to china from west face an immense change in culture and life style of Chinese people. In Chinese education system students are taught what to think and not how to think which keep those stick to the same life style and thinking throughout their lives and the impact of which can be seen in the companies they work. Respect, precedents are highly valued in Chinese culture. Western managers come from a total different culture where they are brought up in an education system where liberty of thinking and thinking beyond the point it valued and when above two come together it is turbulent for western mangers to deal with Chinese employees. To deal with these issues Chinese government has formed Human resource centres to help the western staff get the better understanding of the culture and establish better relationships with the employees to keep the ship flowing smoothly. In order to be competitive in the market a company need employees who are talented and take up the pressure and render tasks as they come in the way. Even with this realisation there is a shortage of talented people in china which is predicted to become a major barrier in current and future growth. (Ma Trigo, 2008) The shortage of talented people is because of the fact that china has invited huge sums of foreign direct investments. According to the estimates its shows that 50,000 foreign companies enter china market every year striving to find, recruit and retain talented people they need to run businesses. (Taylor, 2008; Zeng, Soosay Hyland, 2008) This brings the need for human resource talent management. China lacks world-class talent required by multinational corporations. The greater concern is the managerial skills. According to the study conducted china will need 75000 people in managerial positions and currently has only 5000 people on the labour market. (Farrell Grant, 2005) Multinational corporations find themselves competing with restructured Chinese companies which have raised the need for effective human resource talent management strategies which makes it a major concern for western multinational corporations. (Cheung, 2008; Ma Trigo, 2008; Taylor, 2007) Talent management has become widely acknowledged concern of companies worldwide but most of the times the national differences are not taken into account. (Colling Mellahi, 2009) Shweyer defines talent management as sourcing, screening, selection, retention and renewel of the workforce with analysis and planning. It also includes talent gap analysis, talent reviews and succession planning evaluation. (Mccauley Wakefield, 2006) It is very necessary to understand the local system before starting the operations. Transferring of human resource management policies and practices from the headquarters to the subsidiaries is bit complicated. Companies need to counterbalance globally standardised human resource practices while responding to local demands. (Bjorkman, 2008) the hybrid set of policies often helps more than just trying to implement Chinese or western policies in the company, the hybrid system which has more Chinese practices and gradually shifting it toward the western system o f policies. The question is if western policies and practices are to be implemented than to what degree and to what extent they should be implemented and integrated in the system. (Bjorkman Levrik, 2008) In order to transfer the human resource management practices from home country to china, institutional factors as well as cultural factors tend to influence the adaption and responsiveness of the human resource practices. (Gamble, 2003) Collings and Mellahi explain that talent management is widely used term but in actual it is fragmented into various aspects of strategic human resource management. There are three different perspectives explained by Lewis and Heckman in this regard. The first perspective focuses on gathering of basic human resource management practices. Researchers in this field have a broader view of talent management. The traditional human resource management practices can be distinguished from strategic human resource management by being more future-oriented by keeping in line with the overall strategy of the firm. (Blackman, Kennedy, 2008) The second perspective says that talented employees are valuable goods for the company which need to be sought after irrespective of some organisational needs. Researchers in this field categorise employees in top, middle and low performers. An argument was established that companies with more top level performers are stronger (Walker Larroco, 2002) but this idea was questioned as it is not always desire able to fill all the positions with top level employees. (Collings Mellahi, 2009) The third perspective focuses on job flow of employees within the organization. This has more to deal with internal labour market than external labour market. The fourth perspective which was recently established by Collings and Mellahi is the emphasis on the positions which put an impact on the competition, the positions which have direct relation to the competency of the organization. According to this perspective firms should focus on the pivotal positions rather than just filling talented employees. Its basically about the identification of key positions which have direct impact on competition. To remain competitive it is essential to retain the talented employees. This could be achieved by continuous motivation and building a relation between employee and employer. This is one way to keep their commitment high with the organisation and stay with it for long term which in turn helps the company grow and remain competitive over the time. To understand the human resource management in china expatriates should get an understanding about the political and economic structure of china. The businesses in china are classified as state-owned, collectives, subsidiaries or joint ventures. Joint ventures have become common in recent years. More and more employees want to work with companies came into existence as a result of joint ventures and subsidiaries for better remunerations and benefits for skills they provide. Due to chinas higher education standards which lack many points which have become topics of concern these days it is hard for expatriate managers to deal with the issues and devise solutions to problems according to local environment. In most cases the Chinese partner of joint ventures is state-owned company from the same industry. It is thus easy for the companies to higher staff as this is the most radially available source in the beginning and many companies try to tap this source. There is a disadvantage to this approach as well. Labour which is being transferred from the Chinese partner company may inherit the qualities of the old organization which might be an opposing force to the kind of environment joint venture wants to establish. Joint ventures in China are allowed to hire people from outside the organisation with or without the help of local labour department. The abundance of labour might make one think that employer is spoiled by choice which is only true if hiring non-skilled or semi-skilled employees. When it comes to hire skilled or talented labour its bit hard for the companies to deal with as explained earlier that talented employees are considered as commodities for a company. Finding right employees not easy let alone getting skilled labour transferred from the old employers because it is more difficult to do so. One reason to hire fresh graduates from universities is that they dont bring bad management practices with them. It is easier to mould them according to organisational culture and make them work, think and perform in the organisation according to companies standards. If the labour department dont support a company for the transfer of the skilled labour, they will also refuse to reveal the recruits file which has all the information regarding their past experiences, salary, ranks along with their educational and political histories. Failure to get the file it restricts employees to take up a new job. Getting employees transferred from other cities might require as many as twenty approvals. (Tsang, 2010) With the foreign direct investment flooding into china there is a scarce of talented employees and it is inarguably becomes unacceptable for the recruits work units to release them to new employers. Tsang quotes and example about how difficult it is to get an employee transferred from on company to another company. Guangdong Float Glass Company once placed vacancies in the newspaper. At the end thirty new employees were offered jobs but ten couldnt take up the job as their work units didnt allow them. Another case was when China Hewlett-Packard could heir only six engineers because rest of them were not allowed by their work units to take up a new job. In order to get a recruit transferred a company can seek help from the local labour bureau. Even if the local labour bureau is willing to help the transfer of an employee completely depends on political clout of the recruits work unit. If the work unit is state-owned large corporation the local labour bureau is no likely to help. If the work unit is a small enterprise then the local labour bureau will help to get an employee transferred but in that case the new company will have to compensate the old employer for all the education, training and development of the recruit. In china firing is even more difficult than hiring an employee. If the fired employee comes from Chinese partner of the joint venture then they will have to go back to the same company which will be hard for it to allocate them a job again but there are certain regulations for joint ventures to fire a person. An employee can be dismissed if they become redundant as a change in production and technical conditions or who fails to live up to the expectations even after relevant training and development and not suitable for transfer to other works. According to the regulations the company can take action which can be dismissal if the recruit has violated the ventures regulation which may have led it to severe consequences. The venture cannot dismiss an employee for its own purposes and thus needs to inform the in charge department and the local labour bureau. The labour union should be given an advance notice and time to protest about the discharge. These are some kind of barriers to dis missal a joint venture or foreign subsidiary faces. Many companies are flooding in china for cheap labour and low cost productivity but in actual end paying more than the labour wages in other developing countries. The Chinese regulation says that wages in a joint venture must be 120% to 150% higher than sate owned enterprise in the same line of business and locality. The reason behind this regulation explains that more skilled employees are required in joint ventures. Many investors later realise that they had been over charged by Chinese side. (Tsang, 2010) Trade union is another aspect of Chinese businesses. Many trade unions have been established in many joint ventures. They are at times very helpful in accomplishing the tasks as they have the responsibility of carrying out necessary education, training and development of the workers. Another duty which trade unions perform and should be welcomed by foreign investors is to arrange technical and professional courses and recreational and cultural activities. The presence of trade unions is often helpful for Chinese as well as foreign joint ventures. Many foreign joint ventures found trade unions presence very helpful, in accomplishing the tasks, and less confronting. To conclude my essay I would say that when conducting a business in china there are often many problems a firm faces. The cause to those problems can either be institutional or cultural. The institutional problems include issues related to political and economic structures of the country. These issues are mostly the result of government policies and the aftermath of Cultural Revolution. On the other hand culture changes at a slower pace than economic changes. It takes longer to change peoples perception and their attitudes developed over centuries. If the human resource problem arises because of any economic issue it can be addressed and overcome but as far as cultural issues are concerned like explained above will take time to fix. Human resource management does face a lot of challenges when working in china but the causes to most problems are not under their control but the parent company has all the freedom to choose who they want to assign the key positions in the joint ventures or subsidiaries. Possessing world-class managerial skills and qualification is one thing but adapting to change when send abroad and liking for the new culture is very important. The expatriate managers should be accommodating toward culture as well as concerns of Chinese which is very different from their own. Being cultural sensitive helps them save themselves from early repatriates and deal with the bureaucracy and know the hardships of working in developing country. As for the education as per the western companies standards, China according to my understanding has figured out the issue and importance of being competitive. They have sensed that there are loopholes in their higher education standards which lag them behind. We see hundreds of thousands of Chinese students flooding to western countries each year for higher education so that they can fulfil the educational demand of the multinational corporations entering in china every year. Guanxi which has been discussed several times above in this essay still is very important to obtain scarce resource and benefits which cant otherwise be obtained. It also helps to tackle bureaucratic issues. In order to make their expatriate managers stay in china for long companies should conduct an extensive training and development program before sending them abroad and avoid extended overseas stay that dont often leave a good impact on productivity.

Rainbow Six :: essays papers

Rainbow Six The book starts with a prologue that introduces us to the one main character, John Clark, an ex-Navy SEAL, and two other characters, Alistair Stanley the executive commander of Rainbow Six, and Domingo (Ding) Chavez, the Captain of Team 2. There are two other insignificant character introduced, Clark's wife Sandy and his daughter Patsy, who is married to Ding. Patsy is pregnant. The other main character is Dmitriy Arkadeyevich Popov, he is an ex-KGB agent who is now working as a ^special consultant'. He will become very important later on in the book. Clark is the commander and in charge of starting a new European anti-terrorist group called Rainbow Six. Rainbow Six is split into two teams; Team 1 and Team 2. These teams are the best there is. They are based in Hereford, England, but any European country can call on them at any time. They run 3 miles in 20 minutes every morning at 6:00 am. Only one team will be on-call at a time. The team that is not on-call will be doing live fire practices. In the first 6 months of being in operation they are called on three times which is a lot for this type of thing. The first incident happens in a Swiss bank where terrorists have taken control. They also have hostages. Team 2 successfully takes them out, with only one hostage killed, but he is killed before they had gotten there. The first mission helps them organize themselves and fix a few holes in their planning. The second mission is in Germany. An international trader is taken hostage in his mansion/castle. This mission goes well too, thanks to the snipers. No hostage deaths, but all the terrorists are killed. After this mission is over they realize they should have a helicopter and pilot on the team, this is done. The last mission that they are called on in the book is in Spain, in a huge amusement park. Earlier on in the book we hear a conversation in a french high security jail, with the Jackal and his lawyer. The Jackal tells his lawyer he is sick of being in jail and to call his friends and they would know what to do. The terrorists at the amusement park are well prepared, but not well enough to take on the Rainbow Six team. They take 30 children hostage, and demand for the Jackal and several other prisoners release. One of the major things that goes awary for the terrorists is that the

Fear :: essays papers

Fear The poem â€Å"Fear† by Gabriela Mistral, dramatizes the conflict between a mother and her fear of her child growing up. The mother is the speaker in this poem. The mother is frightened of her child growing up and not needing her as much as she does as a child. In stanza 1 line 1 it says, â€Å"I do not want them to turn my child into a swallow†. The swallow symbolizes a bird leaving the nest. The mother is fearful of her daughter growing up and moving out. This line is repeated in line 7. The mother refers to â€Å"them† when she talks of who is going to change her she is referring to society. The mother is fearful that society will make her daughter become independent. In line 4 it says, â€Å"and never come down again to my doormat†. She is fearful that her daughter will not come and visit once she moves out. In stanza 2 line 9 it says, â€Å"I do not want them to make my child into a princess.† The princess represents the childâ⠂¬â„¢s teen years. Again she refers to society as them. It is also repeated in line 16. The mother does not want society to turn her daughter into something she is not. She wants her child to have fun and play. The mother is fearful that her child will not sleep by her at night. In stanza 3 line 17 it says, â€Å"And I would like even less that one day they crown her queen.† The queen represents the daughter as an adult figure. The mother is frightened of the day her child is an adult, maybe married, and has a life of her own. She will not need her mother anymore. She will not be dependent on her mother anymore. Gabriella Mistral uses repetition in this poem.

Adaptation to Climate Change in Sri Lanka Essay -- Global Warming Essay

Adaptation to climate change is defined as the range of actions taken in response to changes in local and regional climatic conditions (Smit et al., 2000). Climate change adaptation simply means reducing the vulnerability of people’s lives and livelihoods to risk posed by climate change. Agriculture adaptation measures can be categorised into policy level interventions, technology development and farm level management practices. The government of Sri Lanka realising the importance of climate change adaptation has taken number of initiatives at policy level to address the concerns of climate change and among the initiatives; the most important is the recently formulated national climate change adaptation strategy. The national climate change adaptation strategy is structured into five strategic thrust areas of which the third thrust area is focused on minimizing climate change impacts on food security (NCCAS, 2010). Sri Lanka ratified UNFCC in 1993 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2002, thereby affirming commitments in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Sri Lanka...

Prison Term Policy Recommendation Essay

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to advise members of the state legislature with recommendations for new prison term policies to double the maximum prison term for any individual convicted of armed robbery. Although the state legislature concedes the bill is popular the concern is whether the bill will deter arm robberies. Prison Term Policy Recommendation In a few days the state legislature will be voting on a new bill to determine if the maximum prison term for anyone convicted of armed robbery should affect anyone convicted of armed robbery be given a double maximum sentence. However, the effectiveness of double prison sentences as deterrence to first time and re-offenders is quite difficult to estimate. Many states define robbery as larceny or theft of money or property through the use of intimidation, physical force, or violence against a victim by the offender(s). When a weapon is used or the victim suffers injury, whereby the offender may be charged as aggravated or armed robbery. Robbery is differentiated between armed robbery that involves the use of some type of weapon, and aggravated robbery that involves the use of a deadly weapon. Armed robbery is one of the most committed crimes in the United States that concerns legislatures, the entire criminal justice system, and society. All states punish armed robbery as a major or capital offense, whereas sentencing depending on many factors such as state laws and procedures, prior criminal history, whether there are any sentencing improvements, or whether the state has a diversion program. For example a person (victim) is walking down the street a man (the robber) approaches and ask for the time when the victim looks at his watch and looks back up the robber has a gun in the victims face demanding money if the victim fails to give the robber his or her money the robber may shoot or hit the victim with the gun to obtain the money. In the early 1990s, legislation of many states (with the exception of Michigan) enacted mandatory sentencing for repeat offenders. These laws became known as the three strikes laws, were invoked when an offender committed his or her third offense. The three strike law requires the courts to hand down an extended mandatory sentence of confinement. The belief behind the three strikes law was to target repeat or career offenders who repeatedly commit felonies posing a serious threat to society. Under the new law by 2001 California had more than 50,000 offenders sentenced than any other state with one fourth facing a minimum of 25 years in prison. Although critics, maintained that these sentences are disproportionate to the crime perpetrated and would increase correctional costs, in March 2003 the United States Supreme Court rejected the argument of cruel and unusual punishment and upheld the three strikes laws. Michigan’s prisons population since 1973 has grown 474% faster than other states. In 1998 the Michigan legislatures enacted the Truth-in-Sentencing law, to be tougher on crime. During this time the violent crime rate in Michigan did not decrease and has continued to grow, and has spent more on correctional facilities than any of its surrounding states.

The CBD (the Central Business District)

The typical CBD is in the commercial and pagan activity in a metropolis. In many an(prenominal) large cities, it is immediately recognizable by tall skyscrapers, the neon lights at night and the very high-pitched absorption of buildings, vocation and people. The CBD is ordinarily highly accessible. It is the snap of paths, with bus and railway stations abutting by. The CBD usually has the highest density of bus work and taxis in the whole of the urban bea. Although the residential population is only very small, during the daylight and evening the CBD is crowded with people working, obtain or seeking entertainment.Main functions of the CBDShops The CBD is usually at the top of the shop pecking order in a metropolis. It has the widest range of shops and the largest division stores. Shops mainly sell comparison or high-order goods and they draw their customers from a wide reach of influence. The highest refine costs ar in the nucleus of the CBD. In the core of the CB D, there are large department stores and branches of many national chains of shops. Smaller shops, oftentimes privately owned, are located on the edges of the CBD in the fringe area called the frame. roughly shops, much(prenominal) as clothing, shoe and jewelry shops tend to cluster together to view as advantage of competition, while others are more dispersed, such as newsagents and chemists.Offices Banks, building societies, solicitors, order headquarters, insurance companies and government offices occupy multistoried office blocks or the upper floors above shops in the CBD.Culture & entertainment split of the CBD come alive at night as the theatres, cinemas, clubs, bars and restaurants attract customers. Certain move of cities restrain become famous for their nightlife, such as Londons West End.The CBD of a city is not static it is a energizing area going through phases of process and decline. You will see whatsoever areas in decay in a CBD of a large city, with closed shops and a plus appearance, and others that appear lively, smart and successful. The CBD also has problems with traffic congestion, pose and pollution, as well as those caused by lack of space and shortfall of land. Local planners have implemented a variety of different schemes to attempt to pull in the problems of the CBD.Problems and attempted solutions in the CBDTraffic congestion Lots of cars and shops, services and employment in the CBD create massive problems of congestion and parking in the city centres. Roads are often narrow, with little pavement space. more or less solutions entangle* Ring roads and by-passes to remove traffic not going into the city centre* Urban motorways and flyovers* Public acquit schemes such as park and ride, the unseasonedcastle metro, trams in Manchester* Multi-storey car parks* Pedestrianization of high streets deficiency of space and the high cost of land Competition for land has led to high prices, and growing firms invent it d ifficult to find space. In some CBDs the smaller retailers have been forced away from the city centre because of the high costs. virtually solutions include* storeyed buildings to increase the floor area in stock(predicate)* New retailing areas in out-of-town shopping centres in the suburbs or rural-urban fringe, in a process called decentralization pollution Water, land, air and noise pollution are all common in city centres. Pollution is thought to contribute to the stresses of animate in urban areas and to some diseases, such as asthma and bronchitis. Some solutions include* Laws against litter and dumping sewage in rivers* Improved provision of litter bins and road sweeping* Clean Air Acts that ply only the use of smokeless fuels* Clean-fuel technology and vehicles that run on methane gas or electricity* Banning heavy lorries from tone ending through city centres* Increased lay of trees and shrubsUrban decline Parts of some CBDs have declined. Shops and offices have clos ed set ashore and the empty buildings and vandalized. City centres compete with out-of-town shopping centres to cater for the growing demands of shoppers. Some solutions include* Redevelopment of zones of decline in the CBD such as Kings Cross and Covent garden in London* Expansion of the CBD into areas of the intimate city old factories and substandard terraced hold have been cleared, rehousing the occupants in the suburbs or New Towns and filling the space with new shopping and office developments

Adapting to Change

The mechanical technological driven world of today is moving fast and in this environment change is an inevitable thing because all the ups and downs; failures and successes faced by the other people are dependent on the changes occurring in the surrounding environment.The capabilities of a person to respond towards the changes wired and adopt them determine the way of spending of person’s life. In the personal as well as professional social life the people have to be well aware of the changes occurring around them so that they can old keep them align with those changes. Most of the changes occurring in the surrounding world are led by the technological advancements.Implementing change is rather difficult.The dissertation is based on a qualitative research study that is conducted through secondary analysis of data and a case study.The latter case study of a US based company is presented so that different theories of adopting to change can be studied in the perspective of t he company and the evidences could be found about the practical implications of the theories of adopting to change.1.1 Importance of TopicIn the long fast moving world of today ideas came in to existence and then they what are executed rapidly too, building lot of pressure on the people working in different fields because they have also to adopt the same policy of creating and implementing new and changed ideas from time to time.Recognizing change may be battle.

1.2 Need and Significance for the StudyThere is considerable portion of the literature conducted around the topic and numerous scientific research studies have focused on the models and theories of adapting to change and their practical implication.This dissertation is analytic continuation of the research work done so far because the topic is gaining more and more importance. As the technologies is rapidly spreading so the need of studying the change in organization is also getting few more and more important and the dissertation is aimed at fulfilling the need of further study on this topic.Change is inevitable and its constant.Literature Review2.1. Adopting to change – Historical PerspectiveAdopting to change in an organization is not a new phenomenon but it has deep roots inside the history. Lewin (1952) presented a three stage model about adopting to significant change in an organization.Everyone has obviously noticed the change in the markets.

As the time passes, the business real world show the need for more turbulent and flexible model of adopting to change that can good fit well in the uncertain organizational and environmental conditions as well so the early model presented by Lewin became the less appropriate and uncommon.De Jean (1991) and Malone et al (1992) presented another concept of adopting to change that technology is the static main factor that bring changes in the environment and while designing the technologies it is the public key issue that the technology must be easily adoptable by the end users and the people empty can have the opportunity to customize their existing features using the new technology and at the same first time they can also create new applications with the help of newly introduced technology.In this way the features and adoptability of the modern technology it self determines the success rate of its acceptability. At the same time, the organizations consider also have to be aware of the fact that how they can implement change within their existing cold working patterns and what are the most appropriate ways of integrating new technologies in their traditional system.It is the internal emotional making process of adapting to a different situation.2.2. Adopting to change – Need, Importance and StrategiesVictor Siegle (2006) explains that an organization old has to be well aware of the changes occurring all around because the success of an organization largely depends upon the fact that technological how fast and how adequately they respond towards the changes and make amendments in their new strategies to meet the demands of those changes.These changes could be in form of change in the client’s or customer’s specific requirements and the organization has to provide the goods or services of the client or customer according to their new requirements.Know how you react to pressure in your very own way that is distinctive! Over-training or spi nal injury outcomes if stress may not be tolerated.

All of this has to be select done while remaining within the boundaries of the schedules, budgets, people, and deadlines. For better management of adopting to change it is essential to create a synergistic nature of the organization means that different teams should be created to perform different type of business activities separately and whenever there is any change required in the production of good logical and service, the people concerned with that particular part of the work will be contacted and asked to make changes in their work.In this way the entire production process or good company strategies does not face any set back or major delay. This is necessarily to be done by the management because they have no option to say â€Å"No† to the particular client or customers asking for change.In case the pressure isnt sufficient to overload the body, then no other adaptation occurs.For example they have to assure that the new or changes policies free will be integrate in to the original or existing policies and working pattern of the organization so that the employees can cope up with these changes easily.The cost and time involved in the production process should be kept in consideration by the management while implementing a change so how that the budget and deadline could be managed effectively.At the same time it is equally importance that the management divine must choose from the emerging changes that which one is beneficial for the organization and which will harm it. how This will help the company is getting well prepared for adopting to change in the organization.Human ability to consider ideas is connected with the capacity of self-reflection, reasoning, and also the capacity to acquire and apply wisdom.

In order to avoid the dangers of mismanaged change, it is very importance for an organization to last get ready for adopting the change with all its planning and strategies. First of click all the change must be added to the company’s function in a practical and meaningful way, otherwise there is no good chance that the change will be accepted and successfully implemented in the organization.Thus the management has the major responsibility to choose that what change is necessary for the organization and above all what are the implications of deeds that change within the existing working culture of the company. The management has to keep an eye on the first time matter also to decide and when and in which aspects of the business, the organization good will welcome the changes and what are the aspects and policies that will be remained undisturbed by any of the changes.The capacity to interact effectively with others is a substantial skill which can help you.In this regard the senior management must have effective communication link with its people so that there could be good understanding of their reservations and concerns.2.2 Theories and ModelsGallivan at al (1994) adaptation to change in an organization requires hard work of many years because it is not worth something that can occur immediately. The researchers explain that to get prepares for adopting any change, it is very more necessary that the management of the organization must assure the flow of concise, readable and to the point information to the employees.Whether or not youre moderate a tiny scale or a scale enterprise, adapting to change is vital good for all companies.

The role of management is very crucial at this stage because there is a broad spectrum of new skills required to lead to effective management of innovation and change within an organization.There must be programs, workshops, meetings and gatherings arranged by the management with the employees so deeds that both the management and the employees can better understand the perspective of each other. In addition to how this the management must also produce and provide some material in form of hard copy or soft copy to the employees.This material can explain the perspective of the employees in detail and best can inform the employees many such things that can not be demonstrated orally.Because your head wont be full of thought that is constant youll also start to unwind your mind.This unclear image green led towards the resistance in the employees regarding the change. Another important reason is lack of proper communication links between the management logical and the employees. Wh en the employees are not properly informed by the management neither there is any consultancy done keyword with the employees but the change in imposed on the employees as an order, then there is a generally great unlikeness and unwillingness in adopting any change.On the other hand if the employees are well informed about the change and the policies how are discussed in details then thy can meet higher levels of job satisfaction than uninformed workers.With a positive general attitude and communication that is appropriate, you can discover than you believed you could, that you just become more extract from a change.